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chem unit 10 review for exam
What is an Acid?
substances that break apart in water to form a hydrogen (H+) ion
What is a base?
substances that break apart in water to form a hydroxide (OH-) ion
On a pH scale, what numbers are considered an Acid? (Scale is 0-14)
When the number on the scale is between 0-6, it is an Acid
On a pH scale, what numbers are considered an Base? (Scale is 0-14)
When the number on the scale is between 8-14, it is a base
What does it mean when the number on the pH scale is at 7? (Scale is 0-14)
When the number on the scale is at 7, it means it is Neutral.
What are some characteristics of Acids?
Acids tend to have sour taste and react with metal and carbonates (as well as bases)
What are some characteristics of Bases?
Bases tend to have a bitter taste and feel slippery (as well as react with acids)
When do you know if it is a strong Acid?
You know an Acid is a Strong Acid when on the pH scale, it is farther from 7. (Ex: 2 is a stronger acid than 5)
When do you know if it is a Strong Base?
You know an Base is a Strong Base when on the pH scale, it is farther from 7. (Ex: 13 is a stronger acid than 9)
What is an example of a Neutral?
Water
What are some examples of a Base?
Baking Soda, Bleach, Soap (remember the bitter taste)
What are some examples of Acids?
Tea, Vinegar, Citrus Fruit [Lemons] (remember the sour taste)
What is neutralization?
An acid mixed with a base produces a salt and water. This is called neutralization
Acid + Base = ?
Salt Water
What does pH measure?
pH is a measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous (water-based) liquid compound
Acids react with carbonates to give off ___?
Carbon Dioxide
What is an indicator?
a compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or base.
When does litmus paper turn RED?
It turns RED when in contact with an ACID (remember RED = ACID)
When does litmus paper turn BLUE?
It turns BLUE when in contact with a BASE (remember BLUE = BASE)
What is a Universal Indicator?
A mix of indicators that changes a variety of colors to show how strong or weak an acid or base is
What is a Salt?
A salt is an ionic compound that usually consists of positive metal ions and negative nonmetal ions
When are Salts produced?
Salts are produced when Acids and Bases react with one another.
Dissolved Salts in Solution are ___?
electrolytes
What is an Arrhenius Acid?
Any compound that dissociates in aqueous solution to form H+ ions.
What is an Arrhenius Base?
Any compound that dissociates in aqueous solution to form OH- ions.
Do Strong Acids break completely into ions?
Yes, Strong Acids do completely break into ions and are Strong electrolytes
Do Weak Acids break completely into ions?
No, Weak Acids do NOT completely break into ions and are Weak electrolytes
What is a Bronsted-Lowry Acid?
A hydrogen-ion donator
What is a Bronsted-Lowry Base?
A hydrogen-ion acceptor
What is a Conjugate Acid?
The ion or molecule formed when a Base GAINS a Hydrogen (H+) ion
What is a Conjugate Base?
The ion or molecule that remains after an Acid DONATES a Hydrogen (H+) ion
What is a Hydronium ion?
An ion that forms when dissociated H+ ion combines with a water molecule; Formula: H₃O⁺
What does amphoteric mean?
A compound that can act as both an Acid and a Base; Ex: Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
What is a Lewis Base?
A substance that DONATES a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
What is a Lewis Acid?
A substance that ACCEPTS a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond
What is the self-ionization of water?
Pure water ionizes to a minimal extent to form hydronium and hydroxide ions. The process is reversible.
What does brackets around a compound mean? (Ex: [H2O])
Brackets around a species means “concentration of” the compound. (Ex: [H3O+] represents the concentration of hydronium ions.
Neutral Solution = ?
Any aqueous solution
The pH of a solution is __?
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
What is the simple formula of the KW expression? (aka this is just the formula u need to remember)
pH + pOH = 14
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True: Hydrochloric Acid is a STRONG Acid that is diprotic?
Never True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
The ammonium ion (NH4+) is a Bronsted-Lowry base?
Never True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
A Bronsted-Lowry base is a hydrogen ACCEPTOR?
Always True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
A compound can act as both an acid and a base?
Sometimes True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
PBr3 is a Lewis base?
Always True
What are Monoprotic acids?
Acids that contain ONE ionizable hydrogen
What are Triprotic acids?
Acids that contain THREE ionizable hydrogens
What is a Hydronium ion (H3O+)?
A water molecule that gains a hydrogen ion
What is a Neutralization Reaction?
Reactions in which an Acid and a Base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water
What is the equivalence point?
When the number of moles of hydrogen ions equals the number of moles of hydroxide ions.
What are two examples of indicators?
Red-cabbage juice and phenolphthalein
What are the steps to nuetralization reaction?
A measured volume of an Acid solution of unknown concentration is added to a flask
Several drops of the indicator are added to the flask
Measured volumes of a Base of known concentrations are mixed into the Acid until the indicator barely changes color
(Remember doing titration lab)
What is the Standard Solution?
The solution of a known concentration
What is titration?
The process of adding a known amount of solution of known concentration to determine concentration of other solution
What is the end point?
The point at which the indicator changes color is the end point of Titration
What is the Acid/Base nuetralization formula? (Titration Formula?)
MaVa=MbVb
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
A solution of a known concentration is a Standard Solution?
Always True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
The end point of a titration of a Strong Base with a Strong Acid occurs when [H+] = [OH-]
Always True
Never True, Always True or Sometimes True:
The point of neutralization is the end point of titration
Always true
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Can turn litmus paper a different color
Both
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Reacts with certain metals
Acid
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Contains more Hydrogen ions than Hydroxide ions
Acid
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Feels slippery
Base
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Reacts with carbonates
Acids
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Feels rough
Neither
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
Neither (Technically Neutral)
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Tastes bitter
Base
Determine if Acid, Base, Both or Neither:
Tastes sour
Acid
How do you name Acids?
Use the Common Ion Table
What are the 2 endings?
When the chemical ends in -ate, it’s new ending will be “-ic”. When a chemical ends in -ite, it’s new ending will be "-ous” (Ex: Nitrate → Nitric. Nitrite → Nitrous)
When do acids give off H+ ions?
When dissolved in water; pH → H+ Cl-
What is another rule to help name acids?
When the name of the anion ends in -side, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro-.
When do you follow the name of the acid with “acid”?
Any acid, no matter the ending, will be followed with the word acid. (EX: Hydrochloric acid, Acetic acid, Sulfurous acid)
Note 
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