Expansion in the Early Republic | 4.1 - 4.3

Manifest Destiny

John L. O’Sullivan used to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon County to the U.S.

Annexation

The instance of adding to something larger (Territories have been annexed to the U.S.)

Election of 1800 (Thomas Jefferson Elected as President)

• Jefferson was a Pro-Expansionist

• 1803 he looked to purchase New Orleans from France

• 1803 purchased the Louisiana Purchase

Louis + Clark

Sent to explore the new territory

First Three Presidents

• George Washington

• Thomas Jefferson

• John Addams

Presidential Election of 1824 (Candidates)

• Henry Clay

• William Crawford

• John Quincy Addams

• Andrew Jackson

The Stolen Election of 1824

• Only one in history to be decided by HOR

• Andrew Jackson didn’t get majority number of electoral votes (131 back then)

• First election where the president lost the popular vote (5 total in US History)

• Jackson claimed that the election was a “corrupt bargain”

Mudslinging

Tactic used by candidates to damage the reputation of a rival politician/candidate. (Mostly use insults and or rumors)

Election of 1828 (Rematch between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Addams)

• Jackson referred to himself as the “common man” to counter Addams’ “northern elitist”

• Jackson let all white men vote (regardless if they owned property or not) for the first time (1826) and helped him greatly win the election

“Jacksonian Democracy”

19th-century political philosophy which embraced greater democracy for the “common man”.

• Allowed all non-landowning white men to vote

• Expanded the role of the president + presidential power

Veto

Power of the president to reuse to approve a bill/joint resolution, preventing it from becoming a law

Jackson’s Expansion of Executive Power

• Congress voted to bring back the National Bank, Jackson vetoed the bill

• Jackson vetoed a lot of bills in his eight years

Indian Removal Act

In 1830, Jackson and his Congress passed the act. It called for relocation of all eastern Native American tribes to the west o the Mississippi River. In 1838, the Cherokee were forced out of their homes and started their journey called the Trail of Tears.

When did Mexico gain its independence from Spain?

August 24, 1821 (after 11 years of fighting)

Americans Settling in Mexico

In 1820, Americans started to settle into Mexican territory of Texas. The Mexican gov began to worry over the number of Americans there because they weren’t following the laws that were in place (had to speak Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and to cease slavery) so they became a dictatorship and stopped further migration from 1830 - 1834. In 1836, the Texans revolted and fought for their independence.

Texas Independence + then US Statehood

Texas gained independence in 1836 and stayed its own independent country until December 29, 1845. US didn’t want to annex Texas because northern politicians were against the addition of a new slave state (break the peace between the balanced congress)

Border Disputes with Texas

Texas claimed Rio de Grande as their southern border when they were annexed to the US on December 29, 1845. This boundary dispute started the fighting between Mexico and the US. James K. Polk was elected in 1844 and was an expansionist. On April 26, 1846, eleven Americans were killed at the border by Mexican troops. Polk uses this to convince the American people to wage war.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty ended the war and gave present day states such as California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico to the US (Mexico Cession) The first state to be formed from the Mexican Cession was California on September 9, 1850 because gold was discovered there (1849)

California

Gold was discovered there in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill which started the rapid migration of people in 1849. These people were known as 49’ers. California became a state in 1850 because of its population increase.

Gold Rush Impact + Effects

Economically, it led to rapid increase in towns like San Francisco and trade services. Socially, it gave a diverse population. Environmentally, it was detrimental to nature leading to deforestation, river pollution, and disruption of natural habitats. Politically, the population increases led to its rapid annexation as a free state in the Union which increased sectional tension over slavery.

Political Expansion + Growth

The Marbury vs Madison case established the principle of Judicial Review (the right of the Supreme Court to rule that a law is unconstitutional). This expanded the role and powers of the Judicial Branch in the Federal Gov.