human speech sounds chap 3

american english consonants and vowels: yule chapter 3 8th ed.

bilabial consonants

made by touching the upper and lower lips together /b/ /p/ /m/

labiodental consonants

produced by touching the lower lip to upper teeth /v/ /f/

interdental consonants

made by putting the tongue in between the upper and lower teeth /θ/, /ð/

alveolar consonants

consonants produced by placing the tip tongue against the alveolar ridge /d/ /t/ /n/ /z/ /s/ /l/ /ɹ/

post-alveolar consonants

produced by placing the tongue just behind the alveolar ridge /dʒ/ /ʒ/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/

palatal consonants

made by moving the tongue body towards the hard palate /j/

velar consonants

made by touching the body of tongue to the soft palate / velum /g/ /k/ /ŋ/

glottal consonants

made by moving the vocal cords close to one another /h/

labiovelar consonants

sequential constriction at both the lips and soft palate /w/

stops (plosives)

consonants produced by completely stoping or obstructing the airflow (b, p, d, t, g, k)

fricatives

consonants produces with a tight constriction of the articulators so that the air flows turbulently (z, s, ʒ, ʃ, h, θ, ð, v, f)

affricates

a stop followed by a fricative, made in rapid succession so that the result has the typical duration of a single speech sound (dʒ, tʃ)

nasals (nasal stops)

consonants produces with velum lowered,, allowing air to escape through the nose (m, n, ŋ)

english approximants

consonants with very wide constriction and no closure

lateral approximants

consonants produces with sides of tongue lowered so that aur flows out laterally (l)

rhotics

consonants produces by either lifting your tongue towards alveolar ridge (retroflex r) or bunching it in the vicinity of alveolar ridge (bunched r) (ɹ)

glides (semivowels)

articulators glide between 2 positions to produces consonant (j, w)

high vowels

narrow passages for air to flow through; tongue and jaw are high (i, u)

mid high vowels

tongue and jaw are high but slightly lower than high vowels (ɪ, ʊ)

mid vowels

air passage is neither narrow nor wide; tongue and jaw are neither low nor high (eɪ, e, oʊ)

mid low vowels

tongue and jaw are neither low nor high but slightly lower that true mid vowels (ɛ, ʌ, ɔ)

front vowels

the highest point of the tongue is in front of the mouth (i, ɪ, eɪ, ɛ, æ)

central vowels

the highest point of the tongue is in the center of the mouth (ʌ,ə)

back vowels

the highest point of the tongue is in the back of the mouth (u, ʊ, oʊ, ɔ, ɑ)

diphthongs

sequence of 2 vowels that functions as one sound and one syllable (aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ)