PHL/PSC 3009 Political Philosophy Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts, philosophers, and theories relevant to Locke and Rousseau's political philosophies.

John Locke

An Enlightenment thinker known for his works on social contract theory, including "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and "Two Treatises of Government."

State of Nature

Locke's concept of perfect freedom for men to act within the bounds of the law of nature without needing permission from others.

Law of Nature

Moral guidance in the state of nature, which prohibits actions that would destroy oneself or others except in self-defense.

State of War

A condition characterized by enmity and destruction, where one individual declares their intention to harm another, creating conditions for conflict.

Consent

The agreement by individuals to be governed by laws; can be tacit (implied) or express (clear agreement).

Inalienable Rights

Fundamental rights that cannot be surrendered, including life, liberty, and property.

Labor Theory of Value

Locke's theory that the value of goods is determined by the labor put into them.

Amour de soi vs. Amour propre

Amour de soi is the natural self-love necessary for preservation; amour propre is the self-love based on recognition by others, leading to concepts of vanity and inequality.

General Will

Rousseau's concept that reflects the collective interests of the people, where obligations are seen as self-imposed in a democratic society.

Social Contract

An agreement among individuals to form a society and government aimed at protecting their collective freedoms and equality.

Natural Liberty vs. Civil Liberty

Natural liberty is the freedom enjoyed in the state of nature, while civil liberty is constrained by the general will in a governed society.

Separation of Powers

The principle that the legislative and executive powers should be divided in order to prevent absolute monarchy and protect civil society.

Right of Revolution

The right of citizens to overthrow a government that violates their rights, justified when legislators undermine property and freedom.

Noble Savage

Rousseau's idea that man in the state of nature is fundamentally good and innocent, uncorrupted by society.

Purpose of the State

To retain individuals' rights of life and liberty while providing protection for property and ensuring justice.

Tacit Consent

Implied agreement by members of society to abide by the laws as long as they enjoy the protection of the state.