Chapter 7 Critical Thinking Concepts

If lactose is the substrate, what enzyme breaks it down?

Lactase

Products formed from the breakdown of lactose

Glucose

Galactose

How would we measure the reaction rate (enzyme speed)

How fast Lactose (substrate) is converted into Glucose and Galactose (products)

When the enzyme concentration increases and the substrate concentration remains uncharged what happens to the reaction rate?

Increases

What happens when there is a high enzyme concentration

More active sites available to breakdown Lactose

Lactose is a _______

substrate

When the substrate concentration increases and the enzyme concentration remains constant, what happens to the reaction rate?

It levels off

Why does the reaction rate level off when the substrate concentration increases and the enzyme concentration remains constant?

the enzyme level reaches saturation

What does high heat do to the protein portion of an enzyme

Denature

The denaturing of the protein portion of an enzyme with ______ _____ can lead to cell death

High fevers (above 107F)

What type of inhibition?

No inhibition

What type of inhibition?

Competitive

What type of inhibition

noncompetitive

Both substate and inhibitor compete for the ACTIVE SITE

Competitive inhibition

Active site is altered as an inhibitor is bonded to REGULATORY SITE. Thus it changes the active site and the substrate cannot bind to the active site

Noncompetitive

Where does the competitive inhibitor bind to?

Active site

When the inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, what happens to the reaction rate?

Slows down

What can you add that takes away the effects of the reversible competitive inhibitor?

Increase the concentration of the substate

Statin drugs act as a ______ _____ for the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase

competitive

HMG-CoA reductase is an important enzyme for _______ production

cholesterol

If the statin drugs inhibit the enzyme needed to convert lipids into cholesterol, this will:

Lower the levels of LDL production in the liver → lower levels in the blood

Succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2

Is FAD oxidized or reduced during this reaction?

reduced (gains electrons)

Succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2

Name the substrate in this reaction

Succinate

Succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2

Suppose you add malate to this reaction, and very little fumarate form. Why would the product amount decrease?

Malate acts as an inhibitor

_________ are electron-transporting proteins in the ETC

Cytochromes

_____ is a coenzyme utilized by many enzymes during glycolysis, prep reaction, and Kreb’s cycle

NAD+

NAD+ is reduced to _____

NADH

_______ serves as an electron carrier, carrying the electrons from glycolysis, Krebs cycle and prep reaction to the cytochromes

NADH

If the cytochromes and NAD+ are inhibited the cell will not be able to

synthesize ATP

What diseases are caused by H. influenzae?

Bacterial meningitis

bacterial flu

bacterial pneumonia

Where does fermentation occur in a prokaryotic cell?

Cytoplasm

Fermentation: In some bacteria and yeast, pyruvate is reduced. Where did the electrons come from to reduce pyruvate? (That is, which molecule was oxidized so that pyruvate may be reduced?

NADH

In fermentation, how many NET ATP molecules form from substrate level ATP synthesis?

2 (glycolysis)

In fermentation, how many ATP molecules form from oxidative phosphorylation?

0 (fermentation does not involve ETC and chemiosmosis)

ABS syndrome is also known as gut fermentation syndrome. This rare condition makes you feel:

drunk (without drinking alcohol)

In ABS, you feel drunk when you body turns _______ into _______

carbohydrates

alcohol

In ABS your body makes “brews” _______ out of the _______ you eat.

alcohol (ethanol)

carbohydrates

ABS happens inside the gut or intestines and may be caused by too much ______ in the gut

yeast

Why did the physician prescribe a strict carbohydrate-free diet to the patient with ABS?

Carbohydrate is the only substrate that is converted to alcohol by fungi

The drug HIVID (ddC) and PABA are a ______ ________. It will compete for an active site as the _______ of the drug and the actual substrate is similar

competitive inhibitors

structure

All cells require _____ ______ for growth (PABA)

folic acid

Bacteria have to make folic acid using ______

PABA

Signs and Symptoms of Septicemia

Lethargy

Drowsy

LOW BP

LOW O2 Sat

HIGH FEVER

weak pulse

RAPID Heart rate

The clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria

Septicemia (sepsis)

Sepsis triggers ______ throughout the body

inflammation

A ______ _____ test indicates poor organ function due to low oxygen availability

serum lactate

With low O2 availability, the body utilizes anaerobic modes to generate ATP which increase the levels of _____ _______

lactic acids

High levels of lactic acid can alter the blood pH leading to ______ _____

lactic acidosis

Treatment for sepsis

Early fluid resuscitation

Antibiotic therapy

Check levels of BP and perfusion (prevent further organ damage)