UCM Animal Nutrition Quiz 2

low in oxygen, warm, moist

Why do microbes like the rumen?

volatile fatty acids

• Microbes produce these to perform microbial digestion

• Three examples:

  • 1.Acetate

    2. Propionate

    3.Butyrate

• Ruminants you for energy

Acetate, propionate, butyrate

Name examples of VFAs

starch

Besides microbial digestion digesting cellulose, hemicellulose, they digest….. , protein, and some lipids, which results in production of VFAs

Microbes digest protein from feedstuff

What is a source of protein for the ruminant?

They are carried out of the rumen with the digesta and are killed in the abomasum (true stomach). They are then digested in the duodenum and the amino acids from the digested protein from the them is absorbed in the jejunum and ileum to provide the protein for the ruminant.

papillae

how are VFAs abosrbed?

to regurgitate partially digested feed back to mouth for rumination

Main function of reticulum

• Helps keep foreign objects from getting in GI tract

• honey-comb lining

unknown

omasum function

abomasum

• true stomach

• functions to prepare feed bolus for digestion and absorption by mixing HCl and enzyme pepsin through muscular contractions

• All types of digestion

• Smooth muscle tissue

cecum

• secondary area for microbial digestion in monogastrics and ruminants

• VFAs are absorbed through cecum wall

similarites and differences between monogastric and ruminants

•The pancreas and gall bladder secrete enzymes, buffers and bile into the duodenum

•Protein and lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine

• The small intestine is not the major site of carbohydrate digestion and absorption because the majority of carbohydrates have already been digested and absorbed as VFAs in the rumen.

undeveloped, nonfunctional rumen

At birth, the ruminant has ….

Milk goes from mouth, esophagus, and straight to the omasum and abomasum

reticular groove

structure that transports the milk straight to omasum

suckling reflex

The reticular groove forms in response to…

3.5 to 5

In cattle, the rumen is developed by … months of age

1 mo

In sheep/goats, the rumen is developed by … months of age

Increase, decrease

As animals nutritional needs change as they age, does the reticulum increase or decrease in size and does the abomasum increase or decrease?

forages

what is lighter and stays on top to form a raft?

grains, rumen fluid

What sinks to the bottom? What fluid is in there?

mechanical digestion

The rumen is constantly undergoing …. through muscular contractions

Because they need to be killed in the stomach to be digested by protease

Why are microbes not a source of protein for hindgut fermentors?

• chyme cant move back in the tract

yes

Do horse have molars and incisors top and bottom?

mastication

breaking down feed mechanically with saliva to moisten

upper molars are wider

What causes the issue that makes it hard for older horses to grind feed, since those molars do not meet evenly?

esophagus

transports feed bolus to stomach

horse can not vomit

small

Horses have a …. size stomach, which causes issues if they eat to much. If they eat too much, it can rupture

All three forms

Which types of digestion are in the stomach?

Killed by HCl or survive and live in cecum for microbial digestion

What happens to microbes in the stomach?

gallbladder

What do horses not have that ruminants do?

Do not consume high lipid diet, bile is continuously released from liver

Why do horses not need a gallbladder?

4 ft long, holds 8 gal

How long is horse’s cecum and how much does it hold?

cecum

Where is the site of microbial digestion for horses?

VFA

What are produced from microbial digestion and absorbed into the body from cecum and colon in a horse?

VFAs

What is main source of energy for a horse?

water absorption

Main purpose of large intestine

Abdominal pain in horse that can lead to death

What is colic?

Sharp turns in the large intestine can lead to compaction and blockage

What causes colic?

Use forages for energy through microbial digestion

similarities between hindgut fermenters and ruminants

R: primarily takes place in rumen, HGF: takes place in cecum

differences between hindgut fermenters and ruminants and microbial digestion

both have cecums

similarities between hindgut fermenters and monogastrics

one can utilizes forages while the other cant

differences between hindgut fermenters and monogastrics

pecking

What is chickens form of mechanical digestion for their mouth?

• Used to break up food into smaller pieces

crop

In chickens, food enters the esophagus and then goes where?

Temporary storage where saliva softens feed

What is the purpose of the crop?

proventriculus

What is the true stomach in poultry?

proventriculus

Where is three forms of digestion occurring in poultry?

–Mechanical digestion through muscular contractions

–Chemical digestion through hydrochloric acid

Enzymatic digestion through pepsin

gizzard

Where is the main site of mechanical digestion chickens?

muscle contractions with grit

What is the purpose of the gizzard, which is why it has a tough lining?

Feed is ground by a mill

Why is the gizzard less important for chickens in modern day diet?

Chickens have two ceca, swine have one

Difference between poultry and swine

cloaca

This chamber is for digestion, urinary, and reproductive passages

vent

Where does the cloaca open externally to?

paste on feces

What is urine like in chickens?

Crop

Label E

proventriculus

Label D

gizzard

Label H

Cloaca

Label O

liver and spleen

Label G and F

digestion in the body

Breaking feed particles into microscopic nutrient molecules (i.e. chemicals) by mechanical, chemical and enzymatic digestion

absorption into the body

Absorbing the microscopic nutrient molecules (i.e. chemicals) into the blood stream from the GI tract

metabolism by the body

Using the microscopic nutrient molecules (i.e. chemicals) in the body’s cells.

Nitrogen

Difference between carbohydrates and protein (element)

muscle, bones, hair, conn. tissue

How does the body use protein in structural ways?

enzymes, hormones, antibodies

How does the body use protein in physiological ways?

starving animal will begin to break down muscle

How does the body use protein in source of energy ways?

specific group of AAs that are connected together by a long chain

What is protein?

polypeptide chain

what is a long chain of AAs?

specific sequence of AAs

Each protein has what?

folds into specific 3D shape

The specific sequence of AAs determines what in the protein?

• which is key for protein or enzyme to work correctly in the body

amino, carboxylic acid, side groups

What are AAs made of?

NH2

Amino group

COOH

Carboxylic acid group

peptide bond

How are the amino acids (AAs) connected to form protein?

• H2O released

protein that catalyze chemical rxn

What is an enzyme?

10

How many are essential AAs that animal needs to consume?

essential AAs that are present in the lowest amount in the diet

What does limiting AAs mean?

lysine, methionine, threonine

What are the examples of limiting AAs?

Draw lysine

Draw methionine

Draw threonine

lysine

What is the most limiting AAs in swine?

arginine

What is the most limiting AAs in cattle in high grain diet?

methionine

What is the most limiting AAs in cattle in high forage diet?

methionine

What is the most limiting AAs in poultry?

they are found in the lowest amount in plants or feedstuffs, thus lowest amount consumed in diet

Why are lysine, methionine and threonine usually the most limiting AAs in farm animal diets?

• which is why these AAs are supplemented in most diets

limiting AAs

When proteins are being built, it stops as soon as…. is not present in the cell

animal’s body can make them

Non essential AAs are what?

requirement of essential and limiting AAs

What does the term ‘protein requirement’ refer to for farm animal diets?

microbes are a source of protein for ruminant, but not for monogastrics and HGF

How is protein requirement different for ruminants, monogastrics, and hindgut fermenters?

microbes make all 20 AAs for microbes own protein needs, microbes get broken down in stomach, the duodenum absorbs

Explain protein requirement for ruminants?????

difficult to estimate how much protein the animal will receive

What is difficult about microbes being a source of protein for ruminants?

diet must contain all essential and limiting AAs

Explain protein requirement for monogastrics and hindgut fermenters

• quality and quantity of protein is very important

easily digestibility protein that contains essential AAs required

What is meant by protein quality?

high temperature

What can cause damage to protein quality?

animal protein

Which one is considered more protein quality plant or animal sources?

meat bone meal, expensive

Examples of animal protein sources and one draw back from it

protease enzyme

What accomplishes protein digestion in monogastrics and hindgut fermenters?

• breaks it down into individual AAs

pepsin

What is the protease that is released from stomach into stomach?

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

What is the protease that is released from pancreas into duodenum? They cut long protein chains into short polypeptide chains

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

What is the protease that is released by villi and act on surface of villi? They cut short polypeptide chains into individual AAs