Unit 5 Test - Lewis

Industrial Revolution

started in Britain when machines replaced humans in the manufacture of textiles — started in textile industry — The spinning Jenny, water frame and power loom made production of cloth easier and cheaper — came to the U.S. and by 1814 there were about 240 textile mills in the U.S. — production also increases with the introduction of interchangeable parts — people, especially in the North start to move from farms to the cities to look for work — attracted immigrants — furthered the economy

interchangeable parts

developed by Eli Whitney in relation to muskets first — leads to Samuel Colts revolve — Becomes basis of modern mass production — production during the Industrial Revolution increased with the production of them

The cotton gin

invented by Eli Whitney — Boom market for slaves as Southern farmers pushed towards Western land in expansion of cotton farming — makes removal of seeds from cotton much easier — as a result:The profit for cotton producers rises 6,000 percent. Many farmers switch to the production of cotton. Cotton production spreads (especially with westward expansion). The need for slave labor increases

Eli Whitney

developed interchangeable parts in relations to muskets — invented the cotton gin

Railroads

the most significant mode of transportation — an important transportation link and by 1840 there are more than 3,000 miles of railroad in the U.S.

Market Revolution

Undergone by the U.S. — people make a living buying and selling goods — part of the free enterprise system, or capitalism where private companies compete — People also look outside the home for the goods they need i.e. they go shopping — strengthened gender norms — house is women’s sphere — movement was slow to grow, overshadowed by abolition

Northern economy vs. Southern economy

North: increasingly industrialized — South: remains mainly agricultural (rural)

Industrialization

the U.S. began shifting from farming to factory work. New inventions, transportation systems, and growing cities helped boost manufacturing. People moved to urban areas for jobs, and the economy became more connected through trade and industry.

urbanization

With the Industrial Revolution, people, especially in the North start to move from the farms to the cities to look for work — People must look outside the family for health care and education as well as food and clothing — Many of the new people arriving on the cities are forced to live in tenements, crowded and poorly maintained apartments — Workers are often forced to work long hours for little pay

The South and Slavery

Slaves are an important part of the southern economy, especially on the large plantations (especially cotton) — Slavery causes tension within Southern Society — Slaves represent a considerable investment for the owner — There are a number of slave rebellions against their treatment: 1. Denmark’s Vesey leads a rebellion in 1800 (South Carolina) 2. Turner’s rebellion in Virginian in 1831 kills more than 50 whites — Due to the number of slaves, many whites fear them

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Congress has the authority to establish a national bank — introduced the elastic clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

The federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce — expansion of federal power — Federal law takes precedence (Supremacy) over State Law — Struck down N.Y. monopoly over steamboat navigation

Interstate commerce

Business between state lines subject to federal government

Elastic clause

Congress can pass laws necessary and proper for function of government — “implied power” for Congress to create a national bank

Monroe Doctrine

instituted by James Monroe in attempts to ease relations with Great Britain (supported isolationism) — Terms included: The U.S. will not become involved in internal European matters. The U.S. recognizes existing European colonies in the New World (Americas). The U.S. will not permit further colonization in the new world. Any action to interfere in the new world would be seen as a hostile act

The Election of 1824

For the first time, no candidate for President was a leader during the revolution — The 4 candidates are: 1. John Quincy Adam’s, an experienced diplomat 2. Henry Clay, an excellent orator who freed his own slaves and tried to end slavery in Kentucky 3. John Calhoun, Monroe’s Secretary of War. Supported southern interests, but eventually withdraws 4. Andrew Jackson, “Old Hickory” who won battles in the War of 1812 and in Florida

Results of election of 1824

Jackson won the most votes in the electoral college but did not have a majority — As per the Constitution, the House of Representatives votes to award the presidency to Adams — After the election, Adam’s appoints Clay, the Speaker of the House, as Secretary of State — Rivals claim this is a “Corrupt Bargain”

Andrew Jackson

Presidency ran from 1829-1837 — was a populist — Elected in 1828 as a “man of the people” who believes in limited government — Voter participation increased due to the end of property requirements for voting by many states — 1st president born West of the Appalachians — Jackson awards his followers through patronage (government jobs). This becomes known as the “spoils system”

Nullification Crisis

Crisis which branched out from the Tariff Crisis — South Carolina states can nullify or reject federal laws they see as unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

Passed and signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830 — As the nation grows, many in the United States look to relocate Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi — The act authorized the President to take land from Native Americans and to give the Indians land from the Louisiana Purchase

Worcester v. Georgia

the Supreme Court backed the Indians, but Jackson defied the court and ordered the removal initiating what became known as The Trail of Tears — Jackson later wrote: “…the decision of the Supreme Court has fell still born, and they find that they cannot coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate”

Trail of Tears

court case of Worcester v. Georgia helped start this — forced removal/migration — The State of Georgia seizes approximately 9 million acres from the Native Americans — The Reverend Samuel Worcester, missionary to the Cherokees, challenged Georgia — Movement uprooted more than 100,000natives — "moved" to newly created Indian Territory aka modern day Oklahoma — Tribes moved to west: Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole— 116 a day march, 4,000 died

The Bank crisis

Jackson sees the Bank of the United States as a “monster” controlled by a small group of wealthy Easterners — The Bank is only chartered until 1836, but Jackson’s opponents look to recharter the bank in 1832 in order to make it a factor in the election of 1832 — Jackson is reelected in 1832, and the National Republicans never recover from the defeat and eventually join other parties to form the Whig Party — Jackson pulls all federal deposits out of banks, killing it — Places money in pet-banks → those loyal to him — banks begin flooding market with paper cash (unregulated, further aiding the boom/bust cycle)

Republican virtues

Self Reliance — Hard Work — Frugality — Harmony — Sacrifice

Webster's dictionary

the first American Dictionary of the English Language — published in 1828 — helped standardize English language in U.S.

Second Great Awakening

principles were the opposite of founding fathers and Jefferson (deism-god exists but does not influence daily life)America underwent this in the early 1800’s — movement emphasizes: The Bible as final authority. Salvation through faith in Jesus. One can demonstrate true faith through a transformed life and good deeds — This movement leads to revivals and new denominations — African Americans are often unwelcome, and some form their own churches such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) — underwent due to social changes: People spread apart from families. Breaking family bonds. Urbanization, industrialization, Market Revolution

Key aspects of why the Second Great Awakening occurred

feminization of the Church — spread through middle class women — first and most fervent of religious revivalism

Transcendentalism

teach a philosophy of spiritual discovery — influenced by German Romantic Philosophers — reject empiricist theories of John Locke: Truth comes from senses — believed truth comes from within (“inner light”) — Ralph Waldo Emerson , Famous work Self Reliance — Henry David Thoreau - Writes Walden which describes his experiment in simple living, also wrote Civil disobedience (influential on American literature

Temperance Movement

By the early 1800s Americans consumed more alcohol than at any time in their history — People began to preach against the evils of drinking and encouraged abstinence refraining from drinking — drunkenness fouls the sanctity of the family harms the new Kingdom of heaven on earth — 1862 American Temperance society formed: temperance pledges, pamphlets, lectures

Education movement

Led by Horace Mann, many see tax supported public education as a right and as a necessity in a democracy — Schools at the time are primarily restricted to males and whites — Where there were schools for blacks, they were segregated — faced opposition in South/West — over tax supported — reform is slow, but aided by publications like Websters dictionary — image of red schoolhouse with one stove, one teacher and eight grade levels becomes a shrine for American Democracy

Mann’s campaigns in the Education Movement

better schoolhouses, longer terms, higher pay for teachers, expanded curriculum

Abolition Movement

As early as colonial times, people spoke against slavery and for abolition (ending) of slavery and for emancipation, or freedom for slaves — There are tensions in the anti-slavery movement regarding women’s participation, and how to achieve abolition — Some encourage blacks to return to Africa and create the Nation of Liberia (Capital Monrovia, after Monroe, est. 1822). Most blacks, though, consider themselves Americans and do not want to return to African Some of the leaders of the abolitionist movement include Frederick Douglass, the son of a white father and slave mother and Sojourner Truth, a freed slave

Harriet Tubman

one of the “conductors” of the Underground Railroad — she was an escaped slave — With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act slaves in the North were not assured their freedom and many continued into Canada

Underground Railroad

secret network of routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to freedom, mainly in the North and Canada. It wasn’t a real railroad, but a system of abolitionists, free Blacks, and allies who helped guide and shelter escapees. The network stretched across Southern slave states, through Northern free states, and into Canada, where slavery was outlawed

Abolitionism in the North

grew into a powerful movement to end slavery. Many Northerners, especially religious groups and reformers, saw slavery as morally wrong and began speaking out against it. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Harriet Beecher Stowe used speeches, newspapers, and books to rally support. Anti-slavery societies formed, and the Underground Railroad helped enslaved people escape. Though not all Northerners supported full equality, the movement laid the groundwork for national debate and eventual change.

Southern view of slavery

sees slavery as a protected Constitutional right and central to their way of living — slavery causes tension within Southern Society — Slaves are an important part of the southern economy, especially on the large plantations — Slaves represent a considerable investment for the owner — There are a number of slave rebellions against their treatment: 1. Denmark’s Vesey leads a rebellion in 1800 (South Carolina) 2. Turner’s rebellion in Virginian in 1831 kills more than 50 whites — Due to the number of slaves, many whites fear them

Economic stakes in slavery

From almost the beginning of the nation, conflicts over slavery created tensions between North and South — These tensions grew more pronounced as new states entered the union. They must decide to enter as free or slave, threatening to upset the balance of power — In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso is proposed excluding slavery from any territories gained from Mexico. It never passes — There are various attempts at compromise: 1. The Missouri Compromise (1820) 2. The Compromise of 1850 3. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Women's movement

Women’s rights at the time are limited and women are expected to support the home, ”The Cult of Domesticity” — Women play a large role in the abolitionist movement and many see the parallels between the plight of slaves and that of women — In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention is held. The convention is organized by Elizabeth Cade Stanton and Lucretia Mott and advocates for suffrage (right to vote) for women. They issue the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights - Women start to enter into professions they were previously restricted from, but many rights are slow in coming

States Rights

Slavery seen as a Constitutional right — Many in the South were fearful of the growing power of the national government and thought that this growing power threatened the right of states as guaranteed in the Constitution

Immigration of Irish and Germans

As a result of the political uprisings in Europe, immigration to the United States increases, especially among the Irish and the Germans — These new immigrants bring their traditions with them, such as Catholicism (Catholic education separate, Roman Church foreign, introduced “popish idols”)— They also compete for jobs, often working for lower wages — As a result many immigrants faced discrimination — Since many immigrants settle in the North this is another cause of tension between North and South

Irish Potato Famine

killed 2 million — heightened ethnic/Sectarian Conflict

Germans 1830-1860

half a million immigrate — crop failure (blight), Political tensions

Order of the Star Spangled Banner

formed by the anti-immigrant movement — became known as know-nothings, because if asked about the party, they answered “I know nothing”

Tariffs

debate over taxes on imported goods — The North favored tariffs to protect northern industries — The South believed higher cost for imports, and fear that other countries would impose retaliatory tariffs against southern cotton

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe — very popular in North, and internationally — written as response to fugitive Slave Act, which many in North refused to comply — Northerners read about the fictional life of the slave Uncle Tom and his evil master Simon Legree. They are more convinced about the evils of slavery

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay with power in Congress passed compromise — extremist in North and South decry — for 34 years Compromise held nations together (stability) — Prior to 1820, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states — Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state upsetting this balance — As a result, Missouri would enter the union as a slave state and Maine would be carved out of Massachusetts and enter as a free state — Further, states admitted above 36-30 degrees N will enter as free and those below will enter as slave — Promised statehood came with Tallmadge amendment — No more slaves

Missouri

first state west of Mississippi and cut out from Louisiana Purchase

Compromise of 1850

In 1850, California wished to enter the union as a free state, again threatening to upset the balance of power in the Senate — Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky offers a compromise: California will be admitted as a free state (which would tip the scales in senate for free soil). New Mexico and Utah will decide for themselves whether to enter the union as free or slave (Texas sought expansion into New Mexican Territory. Terrain of West closed off slavery to most of it generally slaves mostly in agriculture). Congress will abolish the sale of slaves in DC, but not slavery itself. A new Fugitive Slave Act would be passed, requiring all citizens to work for the return of fugitive slaves (any Northerner could be deputized to aid in the capture of slaves. If one refused they are liable to fines/jail)

Henry Clay

proposed the Compromise of 1850, which caused a serious debate — Sen John Calhoun from the South feels that the North’s growing population will diminish the rights of Southerners — Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, though opposed to slavery supports the compromise as a way to save the union

Kansas-Nebraska Act (Nebraska split into Kansas and Nebraska)

In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas looks to gain support from southern democrats in a presidential run and proposes this Act — The act allows popular sovereignty I.e. each territory to decide whether to enter free or slave: Kansas being West of Missouri (slave) would most likely be slave, Nebraska being west of free-soil Iowa would most likely be free — This would nullify the Missouri Compromise: South supports act as way to gain another slave territory (forbidden under Missouri Compromise). North saw Missouri compromise at sacred. With support of the South, repeal of Missouri Compromise passes, and act is passed. North saw this as a moral issue and will fight expansion of slavery in every territory — The Act passes and this outrages many northern abolitionists — Many of these abolitionists form the Republican Party

Political Parties in Kansas-Nebraska Act

sectional rift appears (interest narrow sphere) — Republican Party not South of Mason-Dixonline — Democrats not North of Mason-Dixonline — one of the most momentous measures ever passed

Republican Party in Kansas-Nebraska Act

from Midwest to Northeast — moral protests against slavery — Whigs, Democrats, free-soilers, know-nothings, foes to Kansas-Nebraska Act — Democrats shattered by act, Buchanan last democratic president for 28 years

Bleeding Kansas

Abolitionists, known as free soilers, and Pro Slave supporters enter Kansas to influence how the territory will enter the union — Violence erupts in 1856 when pro slave elements loot newspaper offices in Lawrence, Kansas, and abolitionist John Brown retaliates by killing 5 from a nearby pro slave settlement. Kansas becomes known as “Bleeding Kansas”

Northern Settlement (free-soilers) during eruption of violence

many to in search of richer lands, but small batch of settlers financed by abolitionist cause — New England Emigrant Company: 2,000 people with breech loading sharp-shooters

Territorial Legislature votes (1855) during eruption of violence

pro slave forces won — capital established at Shawnee: free-soil does not accept outcome and establishes capital in Topeka — Civil war in Kansas intermittent unit outbreak of Civil war: destroyed million of dollars worth of property. Paralyzed agriculture in certain areas

1857 pro-slave forces propose Lecompton Constitution during eruption of violence

not voting for or against slavery — if no to continuation of slavery, protection for slave owners already in territory — free-soil boycott -> in the end constitution approved

Scott v. Stanford (Dred Scott Decision)

in 1857 the Supreme Court decided in Scott v. Stanford the following: Slaves were not citizens and could not sue. Congress could not deprive slave holders of their property (slaves) [protected by 5th amendment]. Living in a free state does not entitle a slave to his freedom — Abolitionists are livid at this decision: insisted ruling merely opinion. Under Chief Justice Roger Toney, majority opinion — Dredscott: Slave who lived with master for 5 years in Illinois/Wisconsin (both free soil)

John Brown

1859 hoping to begin slave rebellion (in end did not due to delay in messaging + slaves do not read newspapers — Tensions over slavery are further heightened when abolitionist John Brown and 21 others including 5 African Americans, attack the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. He hopes to lead an insurrection against the south — Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee surround the arsenal and capture Brown, who is eventually hanged