Nephrology Lecture Notes Summary

This flashcard set covers key definitions and concepts from nephrology lectures focusing on pediatric conditions.

IgA Nephropathy

Characterized by normal C3 and episodic gross hematuria during acute upper respiratory tract infection.

Antibiotic-induced Allergic Interstitial Nephritis

Condition seen in a child hospitalized with penicillin, presenting as rash, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, and proteinuria.

Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

Condition with low C3, normal C4, azotemia, and positive anti-DNAse after history of impetigo.

Lupus Nephritis

Presents with hypertension and decreased C3 and C4 in an adolescent female.

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Condition in a child with nephrotic syndrome not responding to treatment.

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Has a link with hepatitis B virus infection resulting in proteinuria.

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Characterized by acute kidney injury with crescent formation in renal biopsy.

Juvenile Nephronophthisis

Presentation includes failure to thrive, ocular apraxia, and renal structural abnormalities.

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Presents post-upper respiratory infection with petechiae, hematuria, and abdominal pain.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Follows bloody diarrhea due to E. coli O157:H7, with hemolytic anemia and renal failure.

Fanconi Syndrome Type 2

Manifests with polyuria and non-anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Goodpasture Syndrome

Characterized by hemoptysis, hematuria, and positive anti-GBM antibodies.

Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury

Indicated by high urine osmolality, low urine sodium, and presence of hyaline casts.

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Results from crush injury with findings of high BUN/Cr and muddy brown casts.

Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury

Occurs due to conditions such as posterior urethral valves with signs of high BUN/Cr.

GFR Estimation

Commonly estimated by the clearance of endogenous creatinine using the Schwartz formula.

Cystatin C

A 13.6-kDa protease inhibitor used as a marker for improving GFR estimation accuracy.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Defined by nephrotic-range proteinuria and a triad of hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.

Steroid Resistance in Nephrotic Syndrome

Defined as failure to achieve remission after 8 weeks of corticosteroid therapy.

Bartter Syndrome

Characterized by metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and urinary calcium loss.

Gitelman Syndrome

Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria.

Alport Syndrome

Hereditary nephritis associated with hearing loss and ocular abnormalities.

Thromboembolic Risk in Nephrotic Syndrome

Children are at increased risk due to hypercoagulability and loss of antithrombotic factors.

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Characterized by fever, rash, eosinophils, and associated medications.

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome

Presents in infancy with severe proteinuria and requires early intervention.

Kidney Biopsy

Indicated in non-responsive nephrotic syndrome to evaluate underlying pathology.

Treatment for anaphylaxis in Nephrotic Syndrome

Use IVIG for patients exposed to chickenpox.

Corticosteroids Role in Nephrotic Syndrome

Primary treatment for frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome.

Dopamine in AKI

Often administered to improve renal blood flow, although its efficacy is disputed.

Urine Calcium to Creatinine Ratio

Indicator for assessing hypercalciuria in nephrolithiasis.

Hematuria Evaluation

Required in cases of persistent hematuria, especially post-infection scenarios.