BIO120 Final Exam Flashcards

polymorphism

existence of two or more phenotypes in a population

Polyploidy

cell or organism having three or more sets of chromosomes (instead of X its like three lines) (humans are diploid so we have X)

allopolyploidy

two organisms hybridize, and instead of the hybrid having one chromosome from each parent and being mismatched, it has like two COMPLETE sets of chromosomes, and this is a way to speciate (because before hybrid was infertile due to mismatched chromosomes, but now its fertile) [this one is most common form of polyploidy]

autopolyploidy

has 3 or more sets of chromosomes, but ONLY FROM ONE SPECIES, usually due to errors during meiosis or cell division

poikilotherms

(as opposed to homeotherms), reptiles, amphibians, rely on environment for their inside temperature

poikilotherms and energy

POIKILOTHERMS REQUIRE LESS ENERGY THAN HOMEOTHERMS (homeotherms have to balance their temperature)

active regulation

Expending energy to regulate something = active regulation, rather than passive, warm blooded animals are the ones who exhibit this rather than poikilotherms/thermoconformers

conduction

transfer by direct contact with substrate (feet lose heat to ground)

convection

heat transfer mediated by moving fluid (usually air or water)

redistribution

circulatory system redistributes heat among body parts, esp core to appendages

radiation

all other processes involve molecules transmitting their KE, this one doesnt. All bodies emit electromagnetic thermal radiation (infared wavelengths that like go out from your body). Net change in heat you experience through radiation depends on net difference between energy being radiation outward from you and amount being radiated towards you from the environment (thats why its colder at night, theres less radiation coming towards you so difference is bigger)

habitat specialists

as opposed to habitat generalists. Sometimes organisms exhibit extreme habitat selection for no apparent reason (habitat specialists)

Presumably, that neural circuitry had adaptive value in past environments when pine forests were common and extensive. It appears to be maladaptive in the transformed landscape of today

extirpation

extinction in only part of its entire range

mutualism

(+/+, both species benefit)

competition

(-/-, negative effect on both species)

consumer resource interaction

(+/-, positive effect on one species, negative on the other)

tolerance

plant's ability to reduce effects of herbivory on fitness

defense (with categories)

trait that reduces damage to a plant by herbivores, 3 categories

1. Timing of flowering or leaf production (ex. Producing flowers when herbivores are least abundant, phenology is study of life cycles of plant and animals in relation to seasonal change)

2. Structural defenses (ex. Trichomes, hairs on stem and leaves, can trap herbivores or make it difficult to feed or lay eggs)

3. Chemical defenses (antinutritive, toxic and cause death, interfering with digestion, or inhibiting growth and development)

constitutive defenses

expression of that defense doesnt fluctuate over time significantly

induced defenses

defenses that are produced or increase their level following damage by an herbivore

stigma (part of plant)

receives pollen (stigma against bottoms)

anthers (part of plant)

bears pollen (at anthrocon there are bears)

sessile

can’t move (plants are sessile, not like animals)

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

C gained via photosynthesis - C lost via respiration

Deciduous habit

plants drop leaves during winter

Morphological plasticity

sun and shade leaves from one red oak tree, shade leaf is smoother to allow more laminar flow cause it needs less cooling, while sun leaves have more ridges to cool more

epiphites

plants that grow on other plants

MAKE CARDS FOR THE GUYS

Malthus

because of this unequal growth between populations and their resources, there's always gonna be this check on population growth (populations cant grow infinitely, he used the human population as an example)

Population Bomb (Ehrlich)

explosive growth in human population would have catastrophic social and evironmental effects

Paley

argument from design (god made things)

Lamarck

coined evolution

said organisms evolve during their lifetime and accumulate these changes and pass them down

this implies multiple origins of life

weismann

(mice man) cut the tails off mice, their children had tails, disproved lamarck that changes accumulated during life were heritable

lyell

uniformitarianism, the factors that are on earth now (volcanoes, earthquakes) are what have shaped the earth for thousands of years, these processes are uniform but they can make these changes

notion of a dynamic world

fecundity

amount of reproduction per year (but also depends on like what age the organism is because younger organisms have to survive for longer to reach peak fecundity)

life history components

timing of reproduction

first reproduction

number of offspring per litter

parent involvement in offspring lives

annual (and what category its under)

survives for one season then reproduces and dies (type of monocarpic plant)

biennial (and what category its part of)

type of monocarpic plant, survives for 2 seasons then reproduces and dies

monocarpic

reproduces once then dies (semelparous for plants)

semelparous

reproduces once in lifetime then dies

iteroparous

reproduces multiple times in lifetime

monocarpic perennial

reproduces at end of life still but survives for 3 or more seasons

principle of competitive evolution

two species cant compete for the same resource intensely or else they will outcompete one another

coexisting species must evolve differences

paradoxes to the principle of competitive evolution

paradox of plankton: there’s a lot of plankton that all occupy the same niche, but they all coexist (THERE ARE OTHER FACTORS KEEPING EACH SPECIES below carrying capacity)

paradox of rainforest: there’s so many rainforest species, they cant all not compete, so either they all have distinct niches or this is an exception

Genet

single genetic individual (like one plant)

Ramet

an individual in a clonal colony (like something an asexual plant subdivides itself into)

paine sea star experiment

sea stars were removed and species diversity decreased and stayed low, we learned that predation can lower competition and therefore increase species diversity

enemy release hypothesis

Invasive species have a big impact because they have no native predators and thats why theyre dangerous

parasite direct life cycle

single host species

parasite complex life style

requires two or more species or hosts to complete its life cycle

parasite vector

host that transports parasite to its next host (mosquitoes with malaria)

endosymbionsis

symbiosis inside an organism (bacteria and the organism)

vertically transmitted

passed from mother to offspring

horizontally transmitted

new symbiosis partners acquired with each generation (most endosymbionts are like this)

density dependent factors

food limitation, light for photosynthesis, space, disease, predation, parasitism

density indepedant factors

weather events, pollution, forest fire, etc

species richness

number of species present

metapopulation

collection of populations that are connected via dispersal

metacommunity

a set of local communities linked by the dispersal of one or more of their constituent species

gene flow

movement of alleles between populations

monomeric enzyme

only needs one gene active (like Aa only A is needed to produce the enzyme, Aa produces both the A and a enzymes) produces TWO enzymes

dimeric enzyme

uses a polypetide chain from each allele (both A and a in Aa) to make ONE functioning protein

gene pool

all alleles in all individuals for all genes

conditions for Hardy-weinberg

• No mutations

• Random mating

• No natural selection

• Very large population size

• No gene flow (between populations)

ecological opportunity

environmental conditions that allow lineages to diversify (lack of predation, lots of resources)

parisitoid

organism (usually insect) that lays eggs inside the body of another organism

indirect effects (and their types)

One species alters the effect that another species has on a third

trophic cascade: interactions between two trophic levels cascade to a third level (HSS hypothesis

two interactions that can lead to a trophic cascade:

1. top-down control: herbivore populations kept in check by higher trophic level

2. bottom-up control: higher trophic level populations kept in check by resources below them

INDIRECT EFFECTS CAN BE AS STRONG AS DIRECT

HSS hypothesis

Predators can help out plants by killing herbivores, which is why the earth is green

heterotrophs

all animals that dont make energy from the sun

state of the art method for identifying trophic level of an organism

looking at the chemicals in their tissues

ways organisms can adapt to climate change

• They can acclimate to new conditions (phenotypic plasticity)

• They can adapt to new conditions (adaptation)

• They can migrate to suitable conditions (range shift)

• They can go extinct globally or locally (extirpation)

bar graph

•  for categorical data with a number value (like 22 lobsters vs 33 fish)

historgram

for quantitative data

mode

value that appears most often in the data set

ancestral trait

trait is not new, its from a previous lineage

found in both the outgroup and the ingroup

derived trait

trait is not ancestral, its different from a previous lineage

SHARED derived characters are shared by 2+ taxa

character state reversals

when a trait goes from derived to ancestral again (a type of homoplasy)

binary vs. multistate character

only two states is binary (either absent or present), more than that is multistate

ingroup

the taxa that’s the focus of the study, all share some ancestral species not shared by the outgroup

used to determine which traits are derived vs. ancestral. traits only found in the ingroup are determined to be derived

parsimony

YOU ALWAYS ACCEPT THE SHORTEST TREE THAT EXPLAINS ALL CHARACTER STATES

monophyletic

an ancestor AND all its taxa (also called a clade)

polyphyletic

group that does NOT contain a most recent common ancest

paraphyletic

group that contains a common ancestor and NOT all of its descendents

synapomorphy

shared, derived trait for a clade. It is a trait that all species in the clade share, and that evolved on the branch leading to the clade (ie its derived within the context of more inclusive clades)

sister groups

the two species from any speciation event

hunter hypothesis

HIV transmitted from primates to humans (zoonotic transmission)

enemy release hypothesis

Invasive species have no predators and thats why theyre dangerous