US history 1 midterm

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Cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

Impressment

forcing people into service, as in the navy

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Amistad

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Attrition

Grant's plan to wear the Confederacy down over time. He knew that the Union had more men than the Confederacy meaning that they were able to lose more people in fights. Ties in with the Anaconda plan.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, bought Louisiana Purchase in 1803, 3rd president

Alexander Hamilton

1 First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Had a feud w/Jefferson

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Samual Slater

"father of the factory system"; a way to spin cotton thread more easily (stolen from england). Slater Mill

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Harriet Beech Stowe

she wrote the book uncle toms cabin

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. Became general after many others due to the others not being a good fit for the position.

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Union States

The northern states fighting against slavery. Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon

Confederate States

The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 that fought for slavery. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia.

Border State

Slave state that remained in the Union during the Civil War. Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia.

What was the chief goal of Washington's foreign policy?

Washington's foreign policy focused on protecting the independence of the new nation and avoiding expensive and deadly wars.

How did the first two political parties develop?

Form during the struggle over ratification of the federal Constitution of 1787. Friction between them increased as attention shifted from the creation of a new federal government to the question of how powerful that federal government would be.

What was the importance of the Whiskey Rebellion?

The Whiskey Rebellion was the first test of federal authority in the United States.

What was the Sedition Act and why was it so controversial?

The Sedition Act made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government. The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically favored by new citizens.

What is the importance of Marbury v. Madison?

With his decision in Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of "checks and balances" created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful. Established judicial review

What reservations did President Jefferson have about purchasing Louisiana and why did he
ignore these reservations?

Jefferson rationalized his decision for the treaty to be sent to Congress without an amendment to John Breckinridge. "It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good," he said in August 1803.

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

The expedition's principal objective was to survey the Missouri and Columbia rivers, locating routes that would connect the continental interior to the Pacific Ocean.

What were the major causes of the War of 1812?

The two leading causes of the war were the British Orders-in-Council, which limited American trade with Europe, and impressment, the Royal Navy's practice of taking seamen from American merchant vessels to fill out the crews of its own chronically undermanned warships.

How did Andrew Jackson deal with the Bank of the US?

Jackson ordered that federal deposits be removed from the second National Bank and put into state banks.

Why were the first textiles mills in the US built mostly in New England?

There was constant access to waterways flowing toward the Atlantic from mountains and higher land. The South didn't have nearly as many rivers due to the flat terrain and lack of mountains.

What was life like for the women in the early spinning and textile mills?

The women worked long hours from early morning to late at night. They often worked over 70 hours a week. The factory rooms were crowded and very loud. Although the women did much of the work, the supervisors were generally all men. Many times all the money earned would go to a woman's brother so he could get a higher education or it would go towards funding the family needs.

In a general sense, how was the Dec. of Sentiments like the Dec. of Independence?

The Dec. of Sentiments was very much like the Dec. of independence because the writer used it as a guide to write a inclusive version that would include women and their needs into the "recipe" of the nation.

How did the invention of the cotton gin change the South?

The cotton gin reduced the amount of labor needed for removing seeds from picked cotton. This faster deseeding allowed faster production of textiles.

What were the parts of the Fugitive Slave Act?

The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

As the US expanded westward during the first half of the 19th century, what was the major
problem as new states were carved out of the West?

The number of slave states and non-slave states were imbalanced which caused complaints from the south because they had less representation in congress.

What were the parts of the Missouri Compromise?

Maine entered as a free state, Missouri entered as a slave state giving balance in the nation. The 36' 30" line was established.

Why were southerns so against the Wilmot Proviso?

They resented attempts to curtail it—arguing that slavery was the life's blood of their economy and an integral part of their way of life. That stance paved the way to the Confederacy and its eventual secession from the United States. Wilmot wasn't an abolitionist or an advocate for slavery.

What were the part of the Compromise of 1850?

The acts called for the admission of California as a "free state," provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC, and amended the Fugitive Slave Act.

What were the results of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

What political party came about because of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and what were its
beliefs about slavery in the territories?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party along sectional lines, as half of the northern Democrats in the House voted against it. In 1848, the newly-formed Free Soil Party nominated former president Martin Van Buren and ran on an antislavery platform of "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men."

In the Dred Scott case, what did the Supreme Court rule about slavery in the western territories?

Missouri's Dred Scott Case, 1846-1857. In its 1857 decision that stunned the nation, the United States Supreme Court upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional; If you bring a slave into a non-slave state, they remain your property.

What made the presidential election of 1860 so pivotal (important)?

The Republican Party was relatively new; 1860 was only the second time the party had a candidate in the presidential race. The Constitutional Union Party was also new; 1860 was the first and only time the party ran a candidate for president. The results of the 1860 election pushed the nation into war.

What were the Union and Confederate advantages at the beginning of the Civil War?

The North had a larg- er population than the South. The Union also had an industrial economy, where- as the Confederacy had an economy based on agriculture. The Union had most of the natural resources, like coal, iron, and gold, and also a well-developed rail system. The South's greatest strength lay in the fact that it was fighting on the defensive in its own territory. Familiar with the landscape, Southerners could harass Northern invaders. The military and political objectives of the Union were much more difficult to accomplish.

What was the Union's goal at the beginning of the Civil War and did this eventually change?

The North was fighting for reunification, and the South for independence. But as the war progressed, the Civil War gradually turned into a social, economic and political revolution with unforeseen consequences. The Union war effort expanded to include not only reunification, but also the abolition of slavery.

What were the Union plans to win the Civil War?

Anaconda plan, military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces

What were the Confederate plans to win the Civil War?

The strategy of the Civil War for the Confederacy (the South) was to outlast the political will of the United States (the North) to continue the fighting the war by demonstrating that the war would be long and costly.

What were the Union and Confederate advantages at the beginning of the Civil War?

The North was fighting for reunification, and the South for independence. But as the war progressed, the Civil War gradually turned into a social, economic and political revolution with unforeseen consequences. The Union war effort expanded to include not only reunification, but also the abolition of slavery.

What were some example of new weapons introduced during the Civil War?

The creation of percussion cap systems ushered in a new wave of rifles and revolvers with increased rates of fire. Accuracy was soon increased with the introduction of the French Minié ball bullet, with its cylindrical body, rounded tip, and hollow bottom, replacing the extremely inaccurate ball style bullet.

Why was the Battle of Fort Wagner so important?

The 54th Massachusetts' valor at the Battle of Fort Wagner paved the way for more African Americans to enlist. By the end of the war more than 180,000 African Americans enlisted in the U.S. Army, making up 10% of all U.S. forces for the duration of the war.

How does the 13th Amendment differ from the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Emancipation Proclamation described enslaved people as "all persons held as slaves" and tells them to abstain from all violence (except in self-defense) and to labor for reasonable wages. The 13th Amendment describes ending "slavery or involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime."

The Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Southern Defense of Slavery

southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor. Southern slaveholders often used biblical passages to justify slavery. Those who defended slavery rose to the challenge set forth by the Abolitionists. The defenders of slavery included economics, history, religion, legality, social good, and even humanitarianism, to further their arguments.

Politically, what was it like during George Washington's presidency?

Overall, his political views were more overarching in their scope, rather than specific. Washington stood for national freedom, individual liberties, and a strong central government that would serve to protect the freedoms and liberties of its citizens. Also, he believed in complete separation of church and the state

Andrew Jackson's success and failures as president

Jackson laid the framework for democracy, paid off the national debt, gained new lands for America, strengthened relationships with foreign nations globally and issued a new currency. His forced removal of Native Americans resulted in untold loss of lives and culture. African Americans weren't the only people Jackson felt should be subservient to wealthy white men. His presidency is perhaps best remembered for his cruelty to Native Americans.

Why did so many young ladies choose to work in the textile and spinning mills if they were so
dangerous?

The job was portrayed as an amazing opportunity. It gave women a chance to make money and support their family. It also had good food and they have breaks and free time on weekends.

What were the social and psychological hardships of slavery?

Brutal physical punishment, psychological abuse and endless hours of hard labor without compensation drove many slaves to risk their lives to escape plantation life. The death of a master usually meant that slaves would be sold as part of the estate, and family relationships would be broken.

How did westward expansion eventually lead to the Civil War?

The philosophy drove 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion and was used to justify the forced removal of Native Americans and other groups from their homes. The rapid expansion of the United States intensified the issue of slavery as new states were added to the Union, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War.

What made the Civil War so bloody?

One reason why the Civil War was so lethal was the introduction of improved weaponry. Cone-shaped bullets replaced musket balls, and beginning in 1862, smooth-bore muskets were replaced with rifles with grooved barrels, which imparted spin on a bullet and allowed a soldier to hit a target a quarter of a mile away. The unprecedented violence of battles such as Shiloh, Antietam, Stones River, and Gettysburg shocked citizens and international observers alike. Nearly as many men died in captivity during the Civil War as were killed in the whole of the Vietnam War.

How did President Lincoln's position on slavery change over the course of his life?

Lincoln began his public career by claiming that he was "antislavery" -- against slavery's expansion, but not calling for immediate emancipation. However, the man who began as "antislavery" eventually issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in those states that were in rebellion. Though we remember Lincoln as the president who ended slavery, at the time of his campaign, he vowed not to restrict slavery in states where it was already present, but promised to prohibit expansion in the Western territories.