CH. 1: BASIC INFORMATION

kinesiology

the study of movement through the application of anatomy, physiology, physics, and mechanics

biomechanics

mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body

kinematics

the branch of mechanics describing the movement of a body without consideration of the forces or torque producing that movement (time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system)

fundamental position

same as anatomical, except that the palms face the sides of the body

What are the two components of biomechanics?

kinematics and kinetics

osteokinematics

the movement of bones in space around a joint axis

arthrokinematics

the movement of bone surfaces during joint movement (ex. roll and glide)

kinetics

the branch of mechanics describing how forces and torques affect the body (forces causing movement)

anatomical position

the human body standing in the upright position with palms facing forward

medial

location or position toward the midline

lateral

location or position farther/away from the midline

anterior

front of the body or a position closer to the front

posterior

back of the body or a position closer to the back

distal

away from trunk

proximal

toward the trunk

superior

location of a body part above another or the upper surface of an organ or a structure

inferior

a body part below another or the lower surface of an organ or a structure

cranial

a position or structure closer to the head

caudal

a position or structure closer to the feet

supine

the anterior surface of the body faces upward and the posterior surface of the body is in contact with a supporting surface

prone

the anterior surface of the body faces downward in contact with a supporting surface and the posterior surface of the body faces upward

bilateral

two or both sides

contralateral

opposite side

ipsilateral

same side

What body segment(s) is/are part of the upper extremity?

arm, forearm, and hand

What body segment(s) is/are part of the lower extremity?

thigh, leg, and foot

What body segment(s) is/are part of the trunk?

thorax (chest) and abdomen

What body segment(s) is/are part of the neck?

cervical vertebrae

What body segment(s) is/are part of the head?

cranium

kinetic chain

a series of connected rigid links which in the human body are the segments of the extremities

What are the two kinetic chains?

closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain

closed kinetic chain

the proximal segment is free to move, while the distal segment is fixed

open kinetic chain

the distal segment is free to move, while the proximal segment is fixed

sagittal plane

a plane cutting the body into left and right parts

What movement(s) is/are associated with the sagittal plane?

flexion and extension

mid-sagittal plane

a plane cutting the body with equal left and right parts

front plane

a plane cutting the body into anterior and posterior parts

What movement(s) is/are associated with the frontal plane?

abduction and adduction

horizontal plane / transverse plane

a plane cutting the body into superior and inferior parts (goes through horizontal of the body)

What movement(s) is/are associated with the horizontal / transverse plane?

rotation occurs within this plane

sagittal axis

a line that passes through a joint from anterior to posterior

What movement(s) is/are associated with the sagittal axis?

abduction and adduction

frontal axis

a line that passes through a joint from side to side

What movement(s) is/are associated with the frontal axis?

flexion and extension

vertical axis

a line that passes through a joint from superior to inferior

What movement(s) is/are associated with the vertical axis?

rotation occurs

Osteokinematic movements

movement of bones around a joint through a range of motion (ROM) and can be performed as active or passive movements

Active ROM

– also known as AROM

– muscles contract to move joints through ROM

– ex: to bend your elbow, you need to contract your biceps while relaxing your triceps OR lifting your arms above your head to stretch the muscles happens within your AROM

Passive ROM

– also known as PROM

– muscles are not contracting and an external force moves a joint through its ROM

– ex: a massage or a PT

Flexion

movement of one limb segment on another about a joint axis, bring 2 anterior limb segment surfaces toward each other

Extension

movement of one limb segment on another about a joint axis, moving the anterior limb segment surfaces away from each other

Hyperextension

extension of a joint beyond its ROM

Adbuction

movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement towards the midline of the body

Radial deviation

hand moves laterally or toward the radial/thumb side of hand

Ulnar deviation

hand moves medially or toward the ulnar/pinky finger side of hand

Lateral flexion

when the trunk bends to the side, moving the shoulder toward the same hip side

Medial rotation

anterior surface of a limb segment turns toward midline of body

Lateral rotation

anterior surface of a limb turns away from midline of body

Circumduction

producing a circular, cone-shaped pattern in which the distal segments move through larger arcs of movement than proximal (arm circles)

Inverison

moving the ankle so the sole of foot faces medially

Eversion

moving the ankle so the sole of foot faces laterally

Opposition

movement of thumb faces the pads of other 4 fingers

Reposition

movement that returns thumb to anatomical position

Range of motion (ROM)

– the amount of movement a joint can move in any of its possible directions and measured by a goniometer

– the anatomical position is the starting position for the measurement of joint ROM

Label correct planes:

A: Transverse

B: Frontal

C: Sagittal

Study planes and axes

Superficial

towards the outside

Deep

towards internal

What type of kinetic chain is going from sitting to standing up?

closed kinetic chain

What type of kinetic chain is doing a pull-up?

closed kinetic chain

What type of kinetic chain is knee extension?

open kinetic chain

What type of kinetic chain is going from standing to sitting down?

open kinetic chain

What type of kinetic chain is drinking a glass of water?

open kinetic chain

How many degrees of freedom does a uniaxial joint have?

1 degree of freedom

How many degrees of freedom does a biaxial joint have?

2 degrees of freedom

How many degrees of freedom does a triaxial joint have?

3 degrees of freedom

How many degrees of freedom does your knees have? And what are the movements?

2 degrees of freedom; flexion–extension and rotation

How many degrees of freedom does your hips have? And what are the movements?

3 degrees of freedom; flexion–extension, abduction–adduction, and internal–external rotation

How many degrees of freedom does your ankles have? And what are the movements?

3 degrees of freedom; plantar flexion–dorsiflexion, abduction–adduction, and eversion–inversion

linear motion (translatory)

everything moves the same distance, same direction, at the same time

rectilinear motion

movement in a straight line in the same distance, same direction, at the same time

curvilinear motion

movement in a curved path in the same distance, same direction, at the same time

angular motion (rotatory)

movement of an object around a fixed point

palmar flexion

at the wrist

plantar flexion

at the ankle

functional observation

enables us to observe a client completing a functional activity and allows us to decide, based on this observation, whether a range of motion assessment, gross manual muscle testing (MMT) or isolated MMT is required

clinical reasoning

thinking as a therapist and using your clinic/patient time wisely

goniometry

measurement of the degree of motion that are available at a specific joint

goniometer

instrument to measure joint motion which has a body (contains a fulcrum) and 2 arms (stationary arm and moveable arm)

Is goniometry a formal assessment?

No, it is a functional observation

How is a goniometer used?

1. axis or fulcrum is placed over the axis of motion

2. stationary arm stays fixed and aligned with the plan of motion being measured

3. moveable arm is aligned, but will then follow the arc of movement

What is the order of goniometry?

1. observation/screening

2. PROM

3. AROM → observe for compensation

4. placement of goniometer → measured in degrees and reported with a beginning and an end measurement (majority begin at 0 degrees)

When should you NOT perform goniometry?

if patient has a dislocated joint and/or diagnosed with myositis ossificans (calcification of a muscle)

Precautions of using goniometry

• Infection or inflammatory conditions

• Recent surgical procedure

• Unhealed fracture

• Marked osteoporosis

• Carcinoma of the bone or any fragile bone condition

• Significant hypermobility

• Significant pain

• Hemophilia

• Hematoma

• Acute muscular injury

What are the categories for ROM?

functional observation and goniometry

What are the categories for strength?

functional observation and gross manual muscle testing

gross manual muscle testing

testing muscle groups as a whole versus individual muscles which includes testing of grades poor to normal (2–5)

isolated manual muscle testing

third category of specific muscle testing within a muscle group and tests for grade trace to normal (1–5)

Explain the testing positions

1. against gravity → body part being moved perpendicular to the ground

2. gravity eliminated → body part moved parallel to the floor

3. stabilization → necessary for both gravity and gravity eliminated, applied manually by the therapist, used to avoid any compensation from other muscles, and therapist placed hand just porximal to the joint being tested