COR 015 2ndAT

Environmental philosophy-

a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and human's place within it.

Environmental philosophy-

It asks crucial questions about human-environmental relations such as "What do we mean when we talk about nature?" "How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution, and climate change?" and "What is our place in our environmental world?"

Environmental philosophy-

It is concerned with defining the environment and nature, how to value the environment, the moral status of animals and plants, endangered species, environmentalism and deep ecology, aesthetic value of nature, restoration of nature, and consideration of future generations.

Environmental Ethics
Environmental Aesthetics
Ecofeminism
Environmental Hermeneutics
Environmental theology

Branches of environmental philosophy:

Environmental Ethics

This is ultimately about extending moral consideration.
When certain objects have intrinsic value, they should be treated with respect for their own sake and their right should not be overridden without reason.
considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world (16)

Environmental Aesthetics

focuses on philosophical issues concerning the appreciation of the world at large as it is constituted not simply by particular objects but also by environments themselves.

The aesthetic experience of the world

Ecofeminism

like the social movements it has emerged from, is both political activism and intellectual critique. Bringing together feminism and environmentalism(ecology).
Argues that the domination of women and the degradation of the environment are consequences of patriarchy and capitalism.
Seeks to eradicate all forms of social injustice, not just injustice against women and the environment

Environmental Hermeneutics

examines the role of interpretation in human relations with environments but often combines this fundamental philosophical perspective with more empirical approaches.
Applies the techniques and resources of the philosophical field of hermeneutics to environmental issues. It addresses issues of interpretation as they relate to nature and environmental issues.

Environmental theology

examines belief systems with regard to God, nature, and the environment, but it does not presuppose an individual belief or superstition.
Understanding God's relationship to the cosmos or Creation.

Biocentrism-

all living things have inherent value and humans are not superior to others.

It is an ethical point of view that extends the inherent value of all living things
It is an understanding of how the earth works, particularly as it relates to its biosphere or biodiversity.
It stands in contrast to anthropocentrism
Does not imply the idea of equality among the animal kingdom, for no notion can be observed in nature.
Nature-based not human based
Advocates of biocentrism often promote the preservation of biodiversity, animal rights, and environmental protection

Ecocentrism

puts forward the value of the ecosystem (both non and living components) above all.
As such, the value of biodiversity is above the value of individual or single species (including humans)
Denotes a nature-centered not human centered

Anthropocentrism

puts human beings at the center stage, hence nature and ecosystems are sources of resources for human use.
A belief that human beings are the most important entity in the universe.
Interpret or regard the world in terms of human values and experiences
Considered to be profoundly embedded i many modern human cultures and conscious acts.
It is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root of the cause of problems created by human action within the ecosphere.

Sec. 16, Art. II, 1987 Philippine Constitution-

This provision mandates that the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

Republic Act No. 9003(Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)

This law provides that it is the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program

a) ensure the protection of the public health and environment,

b) utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery; and,

c) set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principle.

Republic Act No. 9275(Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004)

This law provides that the State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued.

a) to streamline processes and procedures in the prevention, control and abatement of pollution of the country's water resources;

b) to promote environmental strategies, use of appropriate economic instruments and of control mechanisms for the protection of water resources;

c) to formulate a holistic national program of water quality management that recognizes that water quality management issues cannot be separated from concerns about water sources and ecological protection, water supply, public health and quality of if life; and,

d) to formulate an integrated water quality management framework through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities.

Republic Act No. 8749-(Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)

This law provides that the State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environment protection. To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be pursued
a) formulate a holistic national program of air pollution that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of function and activities
;
b) encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizen and industries through the application of incentives market-based instruments; and,

c) focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program on air pollution.

T

The human being is a social being. He/she is always with his/her fellow human beings. Thus, it is said that no human being is an island. T or F

According to Confucius, man is always aware of the presence of other people in his life.
Man is always conscious(Being mindful) of the presence of other human beings.

According to _________, man is always aware of the presence of other people in his life.

Man is always ___________(Being mindful) of the presence of other human beings.

Thomas Hobbes
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
John Locke

Enumerate the people who popularized social contract theory:

Thomas Hobbes

Conceives of a pre-society state of nature in which strife and killing was the rule, and man's life was poor. solitary, nasty brutish, and short. Quite naturally, because man wanted to escape from this condition, a relation was consequently built up between human beings as a form social construct.

This Contract not only established a relation between them, but each individual suffered in himself a demolition of irresponsibility and brutish behavior.

Jean Jacques Rousseau-

asserts that society is a product of a contract naturally made between human beings.
Moreover, Rousseau's pre-society state of nature was a free world in which unlimited human bliss did not at first motivate man to think in terms of a contract.

Gradually, when population increased and the concept of personal property gained recognition, in order to protect himself, man voluntarily made the social contract. Individual was then, for collective good, made subject to the good will.

John Locke

claims that the pre-contract state of society was the state of nature in which peace and harmony prevailed and everyman was boren free.

There was a natural order that guided man's actions, but no sanction existed for the punishment of any violation of anu natural law.

This brought about the social contract and the society-framework through proper delegation and effective communication of the functions and activites.

Tabula rasa (From Locke's Philosophy)

he theory that at birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences.

According to Aristotle, man is a social being. This means that human beings are naturally directed into forming groups because of their need for subsistence.

According to ___________, man is a social being. This means that human beings are naturally directed into forming groups because of their need for subsistence.

T

Human beings need society for the attainment of their optimum happiness and where they can work and enjoy their lives. T or F

Human beings as embodied subjects are born in a pre-existing social condition.

Human beings as embodied subjects are born ________

Pre-industrial Society

is characterized by having limited forms of production, limited division of labor and limited social stratification.

Hunting and Gathering Society
Horticulture and pastoral Society
Agrarian Society

Three kinds of Pre-Industrial Society

Hunting and Gathering Society (which is the longest running type of society)

it occupies 90% of human history. The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation is the feature of this society. In this society, human beings consisted of small groups, did not establish permanent houses, and were very dependent on the natural resources and features of the environment. The domestication of fire is considered the greatest advancement of this society.

2.Horticulture and pastoral society

which is characterized by domestication of animals and cultivation of plants. Here, human beings have used hand tools to cultivate crops. They produced more goods which allowed them to do other things, and started trading with other societies. Moreover, inequality started to appear as some people acquired more possessions than others.

3.Agrarian society

which is characterized by development of new materials and methods for cultivating plants and animals. This yielded to more products and food supply. Accumulation of wealth and property becomes the priority. Slavery emerges as a result of social stratification.

Industrial society

This society provided more and better opportunities. In this society, technologies were developed that harnessed new forms of energy. Fields of specialization were also developed. Free public education was established which escalated literacy. The ease of speed and travel and communication dramatically increased. Health practices are enhanced. Organization of governments was improved as formal systems and structure were established. The invention of the steam engine marked the arrival of industrial society. more so, there was an increase in mechanization (railroads, production of automobile, electrical, telephone and petroleum industries) brought tremendous changes.

Nomadic people

People from Huntering and Gathering Society is called:

Huntering and Gathering

egalitarian(there was social stratifications, decisions are made collectively) is from what society

Horticutural and Pastoral Societies

Digging sticks and hoes
settlesments began permanent
Beginning of trade
Inequality stars
social roles become complex
Domestication of animals/ small-scale farming

Horticutural and Pastoral Societies

Hierarchy starts in what social type

Horticutural and Pastoral Societies

Introduced food surpluses(more stable way of life), then, gave way to more complex economies and structure

Domestication of fire

the greatest advancement of Huntering and gathering society is

Agrarian Society

Accumulation of wealth and property becomes the priority in this society

Industrial society

- machinery
- (Abuse of power in employment)
- more specific roles (engineers, store clerk)
- clear division of labor, also introduced ((capitalist, socialists)) hence corporate slavery
- marked by technological innvovation

Post- Industrial Society

-Driven by knowledge, services, and technology
more advance in technology(for convenience)
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- COMMUNICATION MEDIATED BY COMPUTERS
- Gadgets
- EASY LIFE (CONVENIENT)
- AWARE HOW TO USE TECH