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Body language
Korte, 1997
Kinesics: personal body movement eg. gestures, posture, eye and facial movement
Haptics: touching another person
Proxemics: Movement in relation to another character’s personal space
Facework
Goffman 1955
Theory: people can use language to support or attack each other
Face threatening acts: attempting to harm someone’s status (‘denting’ their face) Recipient can repair own face or dent back
Positive face: need to be liked and respected, can be enhanced by complimenting someone
Negative face: right to not be imposed upon, can protect negative face by avoiding direct confrontation and being polite and cooperative
Accommodation theory
Giles, 1973
Theory: people adjust speech to accommodate the other participants
Upwards convergence, downwards convergence, mutual convergence: changing speech upwardly (more posh), downwardly (more casual) or mutually (both change accent) to accommodate other person
Divergence: strengthening differing accent to distance oneself from other person
Speaker switch
Beattie, 1983
Smooth speaker switch: exchange of turns, no simultaneously speech, first speaker’s utterance appears complete
Simple interruption: first speaker’s utterance incomplete, but rest is same
Overlap: first speaker’s turn reaches completion but is overlapped by beginning of second speaker
Butting-in interruption: no exchange of turns, simultaneous speech present
Conversational Maxims
Grice, 1975
Quality: truthfulness, don’t talk rubbish
Quantity: reasonable amount of information, not waffly or too blunt
Relation: don’t be irrelevant
Manner: be clear, avoid ambiguity, make sense, be brief
Speech acts
Austin, 1962
Locutionary act: surface meaning of a sentence
Illocutionary act: intended meaning of the utterance
Perlocutionary act: effect on the hearer (persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening), may not be intended by speaker
Locutionary speech acts
Searle, 1975
Assertives: a statement
Directives: requests, commands, advice
Commissives: promises
Expressives: express speaker’s attitudes: congratulations, thanks, apologies
Declarations: change the reality of a situation: pronouncing someone husband and wife
Note
Flashcard