AP Psych Unit 1

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28 Terms

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Evolutionary Perspective

Psychological approach explaining behavior and mental processes in terms of survival and reproduction over generations.

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Eugenics

Discredited movement aimed at improving human genetic quality through selective breeding.

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Natural Selection

Process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common over generations.

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Twin Studies

Research comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins to examine genetic vs. environmental influences.

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Behavior Genetics

Study of how genes and environment interact to influence behavior.

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Dizygotic Twins

Twins from two separate eggs and sperm; share ~50% of their genes; fraternal twins.

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Environment

External factors and experiences that influence development, like upbringing, culture, and life events.

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Epigenetics

Study of how environmental factors can turn genes on/off without changing DNA sequence.

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Genetics

Study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring via DNA.

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Heredity

Biological transmission of traits from parents to children.

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Monozygotic Twins

Twins from a single fertilized egg; genetically identical; identical twins.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary body functions like heartbeat, digestion, and breathing.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord; processes information and coordinates activity.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System:

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving energy and promoting “rest and digest.”

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; connects CNS to the rest of the body.

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Somatic Nervous System

Branch of the peripheral nervous system controlling voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for “fight or flight” responses.

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Axon

Long fiber of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

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Cell Body

Part of a neuron containing the nucleus; integrates signals and maintains cell health.

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Dendrites

Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons.

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Glial Cells

Support cells in the nervous system that nourish, protect, and aid neurons.

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Interneuron

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons; primarily found in the CNS.

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Motor Neuron

Neurons that carry instructions from the CNS to muscles or glands.

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Myelin Sheath

Fatty covering around axons that speeds neural transmission.

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Neuron

Nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals.

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Reflex Arc

Simple neural pathway that controls reflexive actions without involving the brain.

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Sensory Neuron

Neurons that carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS

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Synapse

Junction between neurons where neurotransmitters pass messages from one neuron to another.