Barlow Chapter 1

Acute Onset

disorder begins suddenly

insidious onset

develop gradually over an extended period

psychological disorder

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

Psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

Prevelance

How many new cases occur during a given period

Chronic Course

disorder tends to last a long time, often a lifetime

Prognosis

Anticipated course of the disorder

Etiology

the study of the cause and origin of disease

mass hysteria

outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion

Humoral Theory

The theory that the body contained four humors whose balance determined health and disease.

John P. Grey

Psychiatrist who believed that the causes of insanity were always physical

Mental Hygiene Movement (1800s)

Dorothea Dix campaigned for reform of asylums and for the humane treatment of people with mental disorders

Behaviorism

Focuses on how learning and adaption affect the development of psychopathology

Denial

Refusal to acknowledge some aspects of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

Projection

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

Rationalization

conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

Sublimation

a defense mechanism in which unacceptable energies are directed into socially admirable outlets, such as art

object relations

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Phobia

a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

Psychological Dysfunction

breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Prototype

Criteria for each disorder in the DSM 5

scientist-practitioner

Mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. A scientist-practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment.

Presenting Problem

The reason the patient is seeking help

clinical description

unique combo of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Course

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

Episodic Course

the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time

time-limited course

The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period

Onset

When a disorder becomes present

3 Models to Explain Abnormal Behavior

Supernatural, Biological, Psychological

emotion contagion

the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

The Four Humours

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Emil Kraepelin

A pioneer of diagnostic categorization in mental health who was one of the first to assign formal labels to particular clusters of symptoms

psychosocial treatment

Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

moral therapy

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments to encourage normal social interactions

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Catharsis

a release of emotional tension (Freud)

insight

The understanding of a relationship between current thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors and where these originated or how they are maintained.

pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

Displacement

Transfers feelings to another causing discomfort

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

ego psychology

Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

person-centered therapy

a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens