APUSH Review

Calvinists

Christians who believe in God's sovereignty; predestination

Puritanism

a Protestant movement with the desire to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices

Separatists

a Puritan group who thought the Church of England couldn't be reformed so they abandoned it

Mayflower

a sailing ship that transported 102 passengers, known as the Pilgrims, from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620

Plymouth

the settlement made by Pilgrams

Pilgrims

a traveler who separated from the English Church and seeks religious freedom

Mayflower Compact

one of the first American governments centered around the consent of the governed

Monarchists

a supporter of the principle of having monarchs

Absolutists

someone who supports a political system where one ruler has complete and unchecked power, also known as absolutism.

Squanto

aka Tisquantum, was a captive Native American from a Patuxet village who lived as an interpreter

Massachusetts Bay

(1629) a New England colony established by congregationalists and led by John Winthrop

congregationalists

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

John Winthrop

the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony; known for city upon a hill

city upon a hill

a model for others to look up to (ex: John Winthrop & Puritans)

covenant

work was to serve a communal idea and the Puritan church was always served; reason why New England colonies didn’t tolerate religious freedom

Roger Williams

founded modern-day Rhode island after being banished by the Puritans for claiming the church and state should be separate

Anne Hutchinson

a prominent figure of antinomianism, the belief that faith and God’s grace suffice to earn one a place among the “elect”'; this challenge Puritan views, resulting in her banishment

Oliver Cromwell

(1649-1660) ruled as Lord Protector of England

English Civil Wars

a series of conflicts fought between 1642 and 1651, primarily between supporters of the monarchy (King Charles I) and supporters of Parliament; Puritans won, resulting in a halt of immigration to American

Powhatan Wars

(1610-1677) the earliest conflicts between English settlers and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia; over territorial disputes; Native Americans were granted reservation land

The Pequot War

(1636-1638) Massachusetts grew and looked for land in the Connecticut Valley due to its access to the sea. Though the land was occupied by the Pequot and they attacked a settlement and killed nine colonists. As a result, the settlers burned down their village and killed 400

The Beaver Wars

(1628-1701) the Iroquois Confederacy and the Algonquian tribes fought over beaver fur which was depleting from over-harvesting from the British and French settlers

Decline of the Huron Confederacy

(1675-1678) the French-aligned Hurons were depleted in numbers as smallpox ravaged the tribes; this was aided by conflicts related to fur rights

King Philip's War

(1675-1678) a fight against English Praying towns that successfully destroyed settlements but couldn't sustain themselves [marked the end of a formidable Native American presence among the New England colonists]

Metacomet

aka King Philip, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe near Rhode Island who lead attacks on settlements

Praying towns

villages set up for the sole purpose of making converts to Christianity

The Pueblo Revolt

(1680) the Pueblo people of New Mexico led a successful revolt against the Spanish, led by Juan de Oñate, killing hundreds and forcing settlers out

The Chickasaw Wars

(1721-1763) The Chickasaw tribe (allied with the British) fought the Choctaw (allied with the French) for control of the land around the Mississippi River; the Native Americans were supplied with guns from the Europeans

Decline of the Catawba Nation

(1700s) The Catawbas were at one time the most powerful and numerous tribe in the Carolina Piedmont. The Catawabas were allied with colonists and even fought alongside the Patriots during the Revolutionary War; eventually they were so decimated by war and disease that they temporarily ceded land and tribal status

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) established judicial review; resulted from the midnight appointments done by Pres. Adams after Jefferson

John Marshall

the chief Justice who established judicial review

Judicial review

the responsibility for reviewing the constitutionality of congressional acts; Marbury v. Madison

Louisiana Purchase

(1802) Jefferson's major accomplishment in buying land from France (C: potential restriction of American trade and Haiti slave revolt) (E: loose interpretation debate, Essex Junto, the Quids)

Lewis & Clark Expedition

an investigation of the new western territory acquired from the Louisiana Purchase (E: new interest into western expansion)

War Hawks

people who saw war as an opportunity to gain western territories (ex: Henry Clay)

War of 1812

(1812-1815) a War between USA and Great Britain over trade interference regarding the French (E: end of Natives from stopping expansion, less reliant on trade with Britain, and destroyed the Federalist for opposing war)

Tecumseh

a Native American chief who unified tribes to stop American expansion (War of 1812)

Hartford Convention

a Federalist meeting discussing an overhaul of the Constitution due to the War of 1812's disruption of trade; led to the downfall of the party

National Road

an interstate road from Maryland to Ohio that was improved by the American System

American System

a collection of programs promoted by James Madison for national growth

Henry Clay

War hawk; pushed for the American System

Election of 1824

a major election that brought change in the electoral college elections (C: more voters; E: American voters began to vote for electors)

Caucus System

US congressman choose their parties electors and nominees (ended near the election of 1824)

Corrupt Bargain

a rumored deal between JQA and Henry Clay regarding their presidency and secretary of state status (election of 1824)

states' rights

US states should have more power than the federal government (Andrew Jackson)

Democratic Party

started by Andrew Jackson; supported his presidential campaign to assure wide popular support

spoils system

trading jobs for political favors (Jackson)

Jacksonian Democracy

brought up by universal white manhood suffrage; a show of power and popularity (in comparison to Jeffersonian republicanism)

universal white manhood suffrage

the extension of voting to all white males (even those without property)

Indian Removal Act

(1830) Native Americans have to resettle in Oklahoma (suggested by Monroe, passed during Jackson)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) began because GA was trying to force the Cherokee Nation out; Supreme Court ruled the Cherokee Nation wasn't a foreign state so they had no jurisdiction

Worcester v. Georgia

(1832) started because GA was licensing residency in Cherokee land; Supreme Court ruled Cherokee Nation's sovereignty; still didn't matter to Jackson

Trail of Tears

(1835-1838) Cherokee walked and died to Oklahoma (numbers in the thousands; C: Indian Removal Act)

Seminole Wars

(1830s) Florida Seminole fought to stay in their land. Eventually won when it started to become too expensive for US

Nullification Crisis

(1830-1832) Southern states began to nullify federal tariffs (Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) & The South Carolina Exposition and Protest)

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

50% tariff on British goods (E: nullification)

John C. Calhoun

War Hawk; Jackson's 1st VP who wrote “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

Force Bill

Jackson's threat to enforce Tariff of 1832 with troops (C: South Carolina's nullification; E: a compromise created by Calhoun and Henry Clay to lower the tariff and diffuse tensions (successful))

Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

(1816-1836) served to stabilize the economy after the War of 1812 until Jackson vetoed

“pet" banks

state banks to hold federal deposits after Jackson's veto to recharter the national bank

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) Congress has the power to establish the national bank

Specie Circular

Jackson's policy that forced people to buy land with hard money (C:Jackson's suspicion of paper money; E: Panic of 1837)

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Turner rallied a gang that proceeded to kill and then mutilate the corpses of 60 white people. In retaliation, 200 enslaved people were executed. (E: slave codes in the South to stop AA from rallying together)

slave codes

a series of restrictive laws prohibiting Black people from congregating and learning to read

Whig Party

an opposition party against Jackson's Democratic party who believed in government activism (temperance and reform)

Martin Van Buren

Jackson's 2nd VP, 8th president and served during the Panic of 1837 leading to his eventual one term status

William Henry Harrison

(1841) the first Whig (10th) president until he died of pneumonia

John Tyler

William Henry Harrison's VP and 11th president after Harrison's death. He was Democratic to Whigs' dismay (president without a party

Manifest Destiny

an American belief that they had a God-given right to the western territories

Battle of the Alamo

(1836) a battle between the Mexican army and the Texan defenders which resulted in a win for the army but motivated the Texans to keep fighting

Republic of Texas

an independent country run by revolutionary Texan cattle ranchers

Oregon Territory

the north, western land of America that was received through treaties with England

Gold Rush

(1848) the discovery of gold in the California mountains that attracted more than 100k people in just two years (E: most people didn't get rich but settle there for agriculture)

economies of sale

more production, cheaper prices, efficient inventions, higher profit

assembly line production

workers perform a single task over and over for 12-14 hours daily

corporate consolidation

the government's uncertainty to enforce and the court's pro-business views, led businesses to grow larger and larger

monopolies

complete control of an entire industry (holding company)

Standard Oil

an oil monopoly created by John D. Rockefeller which practice horizontal integration

John D. Rockefeller

the creator of Standard Oil; one of the captains of industry/robber barons

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

a federal law that prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition (C: public hatred of monopolies; E: The Supreme Court would protect monopolies and sabotage labor unions until Wilson’s administration in 1914 with the Clayton Antitrust Act)

Andrew Carnegie

a steel mogul and one of the captains of industry/robber barons; believed in the Gospel of Wealth

Social Darwinism

(Business) unrestricted competition allowed only thr “fittest” to survive (Carnegie)

Gospel of Wealth

the concentration of wealth among a few was the natural and most efficient result of capitalism; great wealth brought with it social responsibility