N216 Anatomy Exam 4 - Nervous System

outer body

somatic

inner body

visceral

grooves on and around hemisphere

fissures

many grooves on the surface

sulcus

twisted ridges of brain tissue (lumps and bumps)

gyrus

toward CNS

ascending / afferent

away from CNS

descending / efferent

Blood brain barrier, largest + most numerous glial cell, repair damage tissue, 3D framework

astrocytes (in cns)

phagocytic cells (engulf cellular debris, waste, products, and pathogens)

microglia (in cns)

cuboidal-columnar epitheal that lines the central canal and ventricles of brain, control production of CSF

ependymal cells (in cns)

maintaining cellular organization in the gray matter and producing myelin to completely sheath areas of white matter (myelinated axons)

oligodendrocytes (in cns)

myelin-forming cells cover all peripheral axons

schwann cells (in pns)

enclosed neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia; regulate exchange of nutrient and waste products between neuron cell body and extracellular fluid

satellite cells (in pns)

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

3 meningeal layers

1. cover + protect CNS

2. contain CSF

3. enclose and protect the blood vessels supplying the CNS

functions of meningeal layers

surrounds the central canal and contains cell bodies of neurons, some short UNMYELINATED axons and dendrites, and some glial cells

gray matter

consists of all interneurons

posterior horn

largest in cervical and lumbar regions, innervate upper and lower limbs, visceral motor control

anterior horn

thoracic and superior lumbar segments, visceral motor neurons

lateral horn

axons of interneurons that cross from one side of spinal cord to the other side

gray commissure

divided into 6 white columns, that contains tracts and is made up of MYELINATED axons of neurons

white matter

groups of fibers

ascending and descending tracts

relay sensory information from spinal cord to brain

ascending tracts

relay motor information from the brain to the spinal cord

descending tracts

descending, anterior/ventral, and efferent division + suffix

motor is always

posterior/dorsal, ascending, and afferent divison + prefix

sensory is always

sensory afferent ascending dorsal in

SAADI

motor out ventral efferent descending

MOVED

1) Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor

2) Activation of a sensory neuron

3) Information processing in the CNS

4) Activation of a motor neuron

5) Response by effector

steps of reflex

strands of fibrous connective tissue covered with pia mater, extends through vertebral canal to S2, anchors spinal cord in place, becomes part of coccygeal ligament

filum terminale

there are no nerves in the spinal cord

true

L1 - L2

where spinal cord ends

"horse tail", consists of lumbar + sacral nerve roots at the inferior end of vertebral canal, including filum terminale

cauda equina

1. provide voluntary and involuntary movements

2. function in interpretation and integration of sensation

3. provide consciousness and cognitive functions

4. intervention of head through cranial nerves

functions of brain

mostly made in choroid plexus

CSF

central canal of spinal cord, ventricular system, subarachnoid space

where CSF is found

watery, broth in and around brain + spinal cord

CSF

liquid cushion/buoyancy to CNS structures

CSF

helps nourish brain, remove waste produced by neurons

CSF

transmit neurotransmitters b/w different parts of CNS

CSF

all lobes of brain

cerebrum

conscious control of skeletal muscle, primary motor

frontal lobe

conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste, primary sensory

parietal lobe

conscious perception of visual stimuli

occipital lobe

conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

temporal lobe

there are 12 of these

cranial nerves

sensory, cribriform plate, sense of smell

olfactory (CN I)

sensory, optic canal, vision

optic (CN II)

motor, superior orbital fissure, eye mover; (associated w/ parasympathetic sys.)

oculomotor (CN III)

motor, superior orbital fissure, (superior oblique) eye mover

trochlear (CN IV)

both, V1 (sof), V2 (rotundum) V3 (ovale), facial sensation + chewing

trigeminal (CN V)

motor, superior orbitial fissure, (lateral) eye movement

abducens (CN VI)

both, internal acoustic meatus, facial expressions, taste buds, salivary glands; (associated w/ parasympathetic sys.)

facial (CN VII) ( associated w/ tongue)

sensory, internal acoustic meatus, hearing + balance

vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

both, jugular foramen, swallowing

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) ( associated w/ tongue)

both, jugular foramen, control CNS; (associated w/ parasympathetic sys.)

vagus (CN X) ( associated w/ tongue)

motor, jugular foramen, shoulder + neck muscle

accessory (CN XI)

motor, hypoglossal canal, tongue movement

hypoglossal (CN XII)

spino prefix

pathway is sensory

spino suffix

pathway is motor

lightly, poorly localized tough

anterior spinothalamic tract

pain, temperature, + itch

lateral spinothalamic tract

fine touch, vibration, two-point discriminations, proprioception (body position)

posterior column pathway

motor and sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of brain

homunculus

unconscious, can be aroused by normal stimuli

asleep

unconscious, cannot be aroused & doesn't respond to stimuli

coma

unconscious, can be aroused by extreme and/or repeated stimuli

stupor

conscious, unresponsive, no evidence of cortical function

chronic veg. state

conscious, aware of self & external environment, well-oriented, responsive

normal consciousness

"fight or flight" , short PREganglion, long POSTganglion

sympathetic system

innervated by cranial nerves III, VII, IX, & X

parasympathetic system (craniosacral)

"rest and digest" , long PREganglion, short POSTganglion

parasympathetic system

specialized cell or cell process that monitor conditions in the body or the external enviroment

sensory receptor

- temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (body position)

- receptors throughout body

- arrive at primary sensory cortex, somatosensory cortex

general senses

smell, taste, balance, hearing, vision; specialized receptor cells that are structurally more complex than general senses

special senses

(stretch receptor) pressure change in blood vessels, digestive organs, etc; classified by stimuli

baroreceptors

chemical composition of body fluids; classified by stimuli

chemoreceptors

outside of body; classified by location

exteroreceptors

inside body; classified by location

interoceptors

physical distortion, contract, pressure; classified by stimuli

mechanoreceptors

tissue damage; classified by stimuli

nociceptors

body positions, body movements sensory information; classified by location

proprioceptors

change in temperature; classified by stimuli

thermoreceptors

what is the main function of the olfactory glands (Bowmans glands) in the olfactory system?

secretes serous fluid rich in glycoprotein, which warms, moistens, and traps air, helping dissolve gaseous odorant particles

which cranial nerve is involved in transmitting sensory signals from the olfactory receptors to the brain?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

damage to which part of the olfactory system could directly affect mucus secretion and impair color detection?

olfactory bulb + epithelium

which cells type in the olfactory epithelium is responsible for the continuous regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons?

basal cells

how do odor molecules typically reach the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity?

inhalation, airflow through nasal cavity, olfactory epithelium, bind to olfactory receptors, signal transduction, transmission to brain

salty, bitter, sweet, sour, umami (broth)

five primary taste

malleus, incus, stapes

lateral to medial

eye color, "pigmented portion"

iris

opening in which light passes through iris to retina

pupil

contains visual receptors and associated neurons

retina

provide nutrients to retinas photoreceptors and prevents scattering of light in the eye

choroid

transparent convex through which light enters eye, filled w/ pain receptors but NO blood vessels

cornea

protects eye and give shapes (white of eye)

sclera

black and white vision in dim light

rods

color vision in bright light

cones

external: fibrous tunic

sclera, cornea

middle: vascular tunic (bloody tunic)

choroid, ciliary body, iris