Treaty of Versailles and Paris Peace

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Last updated 1:14 AM on 3/15/26
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13 Terms

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France's goals at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

  • revenge on Germany

  • HEAVY reparations on Germany

  • Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany (Franco-Prussian War)

  • bufferstate between France and Germany (invaded in 1871 and 1914)

  • permanent demilitarization of Germany

  • a defensive military alliance

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United Kingdom's goals at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

  • revenge on Germany
  • less harsh reparations
  • limits on Germany's navy (Germany destroyed their boats so UK didn't get them)
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Italy's goals at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

  • land from Austria-Hungary
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Japan's goals at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

  • land
  • Germany's Asian colonies (although all countries wanted Germany's colonies)
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Zionist's (Weizman) goals at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)

  • Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Wilson's Fourteen Points

  • no secret treaties
  • freedom of seas (Great Britain controlled seas with naval empire, did not like this clause)
  • no economic barriers on trade (free trade benefited big countries like Great Britain, smaller countries disliked this clause)
  • smaller army & navy (asking Great Britain to reduce their navy?)
  • adjust colonies with fairness to colonial people
  • abide by self-determination: people choose national governments through democratic elections & live without interference from outside countries because of clear permanent borders (means Ireland, India, Germany, Middle East, etc. could get independence/their own government)
  • establish a League of Nations: international body to resolve issues peacefully without war! (democracy would stop all future wars…right?)
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Treaty of Versailles

  • War Guilt Clause (Article 231): Germany is solely responsible for the war → even though Austria-Hungary started war with Serbia & Russia mobilized first
  • Article 232: Germany has to pay billions in reparations BUT at the time of signing, Germany did not know how much they had to pay & felt forced to sign
  • Germany lost their African & Asian colonies
  • France got military occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, a defensive alliance with UK & US, and Alsace-Lorraine from Germany
  • Germany's army limited to 100K & no air force
  • Czechoslovakia "the spear into Germany" created & Poland split Germany
  • forbid Anschluss (union between Germany & Austria)
  • Germany forbidden from joining League of Nations (for now) → Germany isolated
  • Main Ideas: Germany loses land & money, is demilitarized & isolated
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European Nations Created/Recognized by Paris Peace Conference post WWI

  • Yugoslavia
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Finland
  • Poland
  • Balkan states
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Political & Military Change Post WWI

  • China in arms over Treaty of Versailles
  • demilitarization of Rhineland
  • Germany's army limited to 100K and no air force
  • Provisional Government in Russia overthrown in October Revolution led by Lenin & Bolsheviks → Russia faced a civil war between Whites (wanted Tsar back) and Reds (Communists)
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: took Russia out of WWI, Russia lost quarter of land & 1/3 of population (but took some back in civil war)
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Economic Changes Post WWI

  • war reparations paid in gold or foreign currency for Germany
  • factories destroyed by war
  • Great Depression hit in 1929
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Social Changes Post WWI

  • 8 million people died on the battlefield & 7-8 million civilians BUT Spanish flu killed 60 million
  • drafts would take entire populations of men from towns &
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Artistic & Cultural Changes Post WWI

  • Jazz spreads
  • WWI creates an age of anxiety
  • unhinged, abstract, emotional art (Dada)
  • Dada art is antiwar & anti-establishment, challenges the system
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Post-WWI Middle East

  • Ottoman Empire collapsed & mandate system put in place
  • mandate system: lands placed under control of European powers by League of Nations until they could "stand alone," colonialism under another name
  • Paris Peace Conference: Middle East representatives went there to try and secure autonomy BUT were mostly ignored & only Hejaz got independence
  • Balfour Declaration: Great Britain document issued DURING the war that declared Great Britain supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine AS LONG AS there was no violations of civil & religious rights of non-Jews who were already living there
  • Lausanne (1923): peaceful transition of people (Ottoman Empire stop killing people), establishes Turkey's borders, removed special privileges given to European in Ottoman Empire

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