Maslow’s Holistic-Dynamic Theory and Related Concepts

These flashcards cover essential terminology and concepts from Maslow’s Holistic-Dynamic Theory, attachment theory, behaviorism, and related psychological theories, aiding in the review and understanding of the material.

What is Maslow’s Holistic–Dynamic Theory?

A theory emphasizing that humans must be understood as whole beings, motivated by a hierarchy of needs.

What framework did Maslow propose involving five levels of human needs arranged hierarchically?

The Hierarchy of Needs.

According to Maslow, what are the most basic needs for human survival?

Physiological Needs, including food, water, and shelter.

In Maslow’s Hierarchy, what are the needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm?

Safety Needs.

What needs, according to Maslow, involve interpersonal relationships, affection, and connection with others?

Love & Belongingness Needs.

What are Maslow’s needs for self-respect and recognition from others?

Esteem Needs.

According to Maslow, what is the need to realize one's full potential and capabilities?

Self-Actualization.

What did Maslow call the deficiency needs that motivate individuals due to lack, including physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem?

D-needs.

What did Maslow call the being needs that motivate individuals towards growth and meaning, associated with self-actualization?

B-needs.

What needs, identified by Maslow, represent the desire to know and understand, which must be met for other needs to be fulfilled?

Cognitive Needs.

What non-universal needs, according to Maslow, express the desire for beauty and order?

Aesthetic Needs.

According to Maslow, what are the unhealthy patterns that arise from unmet basic needs?

Neurotic Needs.

What term did Maslow use for behavior motivated by the need to meet basic deficiencies?

Coping Behavior.

What term did Maslow use for behavior that reflects one's inner self and is not motivated by deficiencies?

Expressive Behavior.

What term, associated with Maslow, describes motivation guided by B-values toward self-actualization?

Metamotivation.

What did Maslow describe as conditions that arise from failure to satisfy B-needs?

Metapathology.

According to Maslow, what are some characteristics of self-actualized people?

Traits such as accurate perception of reality, spontaneity, and deep interpersonal relationships.

What did Maslow term the fear of success that prevents individuals from achieving their full potential?

The Jonah Complex.

Can you list the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological, Safety, Love & Belongingness, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

What term, synonymous with B-needs in Maslow's theory, describes motivation guided by values and a desire for self-fulfillment?

Growth Motivation.

What did Maslow also call B-values, representing universal intrinsic values such as truth, beauty, goodness, and justice, which motivate self-actualized individuals?

Metaneeds.

Who are the key theorists behind Attachment Theory, a psychological model explaining the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships?

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.

In Ainsworth's work, what type of attachment is characterized by a strong emotional bond that allows for effective exploration and emotional connection?

Secure Attachment.

What did Ainsworth emphasize as the ability of a caregiver to perceive and respond appropriately to an infant's needs?

Caregiver Sensitivity.

Which type of attachment, identified by Main & Solomon, is characterized by confusion and disorientation in the child?

Disorganized Attachment.

Who pioneered research on patterns of attachment behaviors exhibited in adult relationships, known as Adult Attachment Styles?

Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver.

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what attachment style describes a child who shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids them upon return?

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment.

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what attachment style describes a child who is distressed when the caregiver leaves and shows ambivalence (both seeks and resists contact) upon return?

Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment.

According to Bowlby, what are the cognitive representations of the self and others that guide individuals' expectations in relationships?

Internal Working Models.

What concept, central to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, describes the reassurance provided by a caregiver that allows a child to explore their environment?

Secure Base.

According to Bowlby, what is the critical time frame, particularly in infancy, during which a child is most receptive to forming an attachment relationship?

Sensitive Period for Attachment.

What refers to different expressions of attachment styles across various cultures?

Cultural Variations in Attachment.

What are the innate traits of an infant that influence their interactions with caregivers?

Infant Temperament.

Which psychological approach, attributed to theorists like Watson and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors rather than mental states?

Behaviorism.

Which method of learning, developed by B.F. Skinner, employs rewards and punishments for behavior?

Operant Conditioning.

According to Skinner, what is the process of adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?

Positive Reinforcement.

According to Skinner, what is the process of removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior?

Negative Reinforcement.

In Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the process in which a behavior decreases when reinforcement is no longer provided?

Extinction.

What did Skinner identify as different patterns for delivering reinforcements that influence the learning process?

Schedules of Reinforcement.

Which of Skinner's schedules of reinforcement provides reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed?

Fixed Interval Schedule.

Which of Skinner's schedules of reinforcement provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, creating a high and steady response rate?

Variable Ratio Schedule.

Developed by Ivan Pavlov, what form of learning involves associating an involuntary response with a new stimulus?

Classical Conditioning.

In Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the process of adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one to decrease a behavior?

Punishment.

Which of Skinner's schedules of reinforcement provides reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?

Fixed Ratio Schedule.

Which of Skinner's schedules of reinforcement provides reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time has passed?

Variable Interval Schedule.

What is the use of techniques to change behavior through reinforcement, often associated with Skinner's principles?

Behavior Modification.

What behavioral modification system, based on Skinner's work, uses tokens as rewards that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges?

Token Economies.

Which theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior?

Social Cognitive Theory.

What famous experiment by Bandura showed that children imitated aggressive behavior observed in adults?

The Bobo Doll Experiment.

What theory by Bandura states that behavior, environment, and personal factors interact to shape behavior?

Reciprocal Determinism.

What term did Bandura use to describe belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations?

Self-Efficacy.

What system, proposed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda, explains how personal and situational factors contribute to an individual's behavior?

The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS).

What ability, famously studied by Walter Mischel, involves resisting the temptation for an immediate reward and waiting for a later reward?

Delay of Gratification.

As part of CAPS, what did Mischel describe as predictable patterns of behavior based on specific situations?

If–Then Contingencies.

What psychotherapeutic approach, utilizing Bandura's concept of participant modeling, assists clients in overcoming fears?

Psychotherapy for Phobias.

In Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what is learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person's behavior?

Vicarious Reinforcement.

What concept, related to Bandura's work, describes how personal interpretation shapes the meaning of reinforcement?

Cognitive Transformation of Reinforcement.

In Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, what is the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others?

Modeling.

What capacity, central to Bandura's theory, involves controlling one's own behavior through self-observation, self-judgment, and self-reaction?

Self-Regulation.

What are the characteristics that define an individual's behavior patterns?

Personality Attributes.

What is the primary difference between Maslow's D-needs and B-needs?

D-needs (deficiency needs) motivate individuals to fulfill a basic lack (e.g., hunger), while B-needs (being needs) motivate growth and self-actualization.

In Maslow's Hierarchy, what are some examples of Physiological Needs?

Needs such as food, water, air, sleep, and sex.

What did Maslow consider "peak experiences" to be for self-actualizing individuals?

Moments of intense wonder, ecstasy, or awe, where individuals feel more whole, integrated, spontaneous, and at one with the world.

Who conducted the famous "Strange Situation" experiment to observe attachment behaviors in infants?

Mary Ainsworth.

What is a key characteristic of Secure Attachment in infants observed during the Strange Situation?

Infants show distress upon separation from the caregiver, but are easily comforted upon their return, using the caregiver as a secure base.

According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what is the adaptive function of attachment?

Attachment serves to keep the infant physically close to the caregiver for protection and survival.

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism, advocating for the study of only observable behavior and its environmental influences?

John B. Watson.

In Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the effect of Positive Punishment?

It involves adding an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

What are the four key components of observational learning identified by Bandura?

Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, and Motivation.

According to Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS), how do "If-Then Contingencies" help predict behavior?

They describe predictable patterns of behavior that occur in specific situations, such as "If this situation occurs, then I will likely behave in this way."