digestive system 4.10.24

the multistep process of digestion includes

physical, chemical, and absorption

all 6 steps of digestion

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, chemical digestion, absorption, and dedication

ingestion

eating

propulstion

peristalsis (swallowing)

breaking down food and section of emymes

physical/chemical

the process by which nutrients pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

absorption

the process of chewing

mastication

the breakdown of food molecules into their individual components

digestion

the act of swollowing

deglutition

what type of messages do they send to the brain?

when to eat and when to defecate

what acids can be absorbed into the blood once the food had been physically and chemically broken down into smaller molecules?

amino acid, fatty acid, and monosaccharides

what 3 things can be absorbed through the stomach?

water, alcohol, and aspirin

the two parts of the digestive system are

the alimentary canal and accessory organs

food enters the body through the

mouth

food is cut, crushed, and ground into little pieces by the

teeth

it is moistened by the

saliva

food is moved around in the mouth by the

tongue

a meal remains in the stomach for how many hours?

2 to 4

3 types of teeth

incisor, canine, and premolars and molars

what do incisor teeth do?

cut food (they're sharp)

what do canine teeth do?

tear food

what do premolar/molar teeth do?

crush & grind

what do salivary glands produce that is then mixed with the cut, torn, and ground food?

mucus

types of salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular (parotid is the only one that releases saliva above the tongue; other two, under the tongue)

about how much saliva do the salivary glands secrete daily?

about a liter

what rises up while swallowing?

the soft palate

what does the soft palate close off?

the nasal cavity which opens into the upper part of the pharynx

what drops when the larynx rises?

the epiglottis

what does the epiglottis do?

it seals off the larynx so that food cannot travel down into the trachea

why does a cough reflex occur?

since the lining of the larynx and trachea are very sensitive, if anything other than air goes down them, or even near them, a signal is sent to the brain which then a cough reflex occurs

what are the three stages of deglutition

the voluntary oral stage, the pharyngeal stage, and the esophageal stage

what does the voluntary oral stage do?

can spit out the food if you don't want it

what does the esophageal stage do?

rings of muscle contracts and relaxes to push the bolus down the esophagus (bolus is a mass of chewed food)

the process of contraction & relaxation of circular smooth muscle that pushes food through the alimentary canal

peristalsis

where is the stomach?

to the left of the midline and inferior to the skeletal muscle that controls breathing

what are the four regions of the stomach?

the cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus

what does the pyloric sphincter do?

it governs the flow of materials from the stomach into the small intestine

how many liters of gastric juice do the gastric glands secrete daily?

2 to 3

the acidic secretions of the stomach

gastric juice

why doesn't the lining of the stomach get hurt from the gastric juices?

there is so much mucus lining the stomach that the juice never actually touches the tissues of the stomach

a large canal that absorbs water back into the body and then eliminates waste

large intestine

an organ that makes digestive juices that break down food after it leaves the stomach

pancreas

a large muscular sac that digests food

stomach

a large, reddish brown organ that filters blood and creates bile

liver

the oral cavity where digestion starts

mouth

a muscular passage that brings food and liquids to the stomach

esophagus

an organ located under the liver that stores bile

gallbladder

a winding, tightly folded tube that absorbs excess water from undigested food

small intestine

the flap over the trachea that keeps food from entering the windpipe

epiglottis

the section of the large intestine that temporarily stores feces before it exits the body

rectum

another name for the large intestine

colon

a muscular organ which assists with chewing, swallowing, and taste

tongue

1st part of the digestive tract, receives food by ingestion, breaks it into smaller pieces by mastication and mixes it with saliva

mouth

makes saliva which softens and moisten food so it can be swallowed more easily and plays a role in oral health. it also has an enzyme, amylase, which makes it easier for the stomach to break down food

salivary glands

transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach

esophagus

processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestines, stores fat soluble vitamins, and handles cholesterol homeostasis

liver

stores and concentrates bile from the liver and maintains the flow of it

gallbladder

holds food and mixes it with acids and enzymes that continue to break it down into a liquid or paste to pass through the small intestine

stomach

produces enzymes that help digestion and insulin that maintains blood sugar levels

pancreas

further digest food that came from the stomach, absorbs nutrients needed for the body, and gets rid of unnecessary components

small intestines

absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and absorbs vitamins, and forms and propels feces towards the rectum for elimination

large intestine

connects the colon to the anus and collect and hold to poop until it’s time to release it

rectum

passes feces out of the body

anus

stores certain healthy bacteria

appendix

what are the motor functions of the stomach?

1) storage, 2) mixes boluses and gastric juices, 3) forces chyme down the stomach into the pylorus, and 4) vomiting

how long is the small intestine?

20 ft long

why is the small intestine called the small intestine?

because its small in diameter

where the majority of ____ takes place here

digestion

what are the three main regions of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

connects to the stomach; first region

duodenum

most of the absorption and chemical digestion; second region

jejunum

empties into the large intestine; third region

ileum

where do the small and large intestine come together?

the cecum

what are the three parts of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, and rectum

what is the colon's main job?

take liquid chyme coming from the small intestine and from feces, which then is emilanted thought defecation

what are the three colon names?

ascending colon (goes up), transverse colon (goes across), and descending colon (goes down)

how long is the large intestine?

5 ft long

what is a doctor that specializes in the digestive system?

gastroenterologist

what are the two types of vitamins?

fat soluble (cannot be dissolved in water) and water soluble (cannot be dissolved in fat)

vitamins A, B, E, and K

fat soluble

vitamins C, B group (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12), biotin folic acid, and pantothenic acid

how many amino acids can we make out of the 20 and how can we get the others?

we can make 11 of them and the other 9 we need to get them from food