urinary incontinence, UTI, and kidney stones

Post‑operative urinary retention

Inability to void after catheter removal, often causing abdominal discomfort and bladder fullness.

How is post‑op urinary retention treated?

Bladder scan, straight catheterization, scheduled voiding.

Urinary retention

Difficulty urinating, weak stream, incomplete bladder emptying.

Causes of urinary retention

Medications (e.g., amitriptyline), constipation, dry mouth, neurological issues.

Nursing interventions for urinary retention

Bladder scan, double voiding, catheterization, monitor I&O, assess fluid status.

Risk factors for UTI and kidney stones

High protein/sodium/calcium diet, low carbs, age >43, male sex, dehydration, catheter use, postpartum period, obesity, urinary stasis, heat exposure, genetics, impaired mobility, altered cognition, neurological disorders, general anesthesia.

Kidney stone symptoms

Severe flank pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, fever (if pyelonephritis), possible urinary obstruction.

Labs for UTI/kidney stones

Urinalysis, 24‑hour urine collection, CT or ultrasound imaging, urine culture.

Stress incontinence

Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical movement (coughing, laughing, exercise).

Treatment for stress incontinence

Pelvic floor exercises, education, scheduled toileting.

Urge incontinence

Sudden strong urge to urinate with large leakage, may occur during sleep.

Treatment for urge incontinence

Oxybutynin, bladder training, timed voiding.

Overactive bladder

Urinary frequency and urgency with or without urge incontinence.

Functional incontinence

Inability to reach the toilet due to physical disability, cognitive impairment, or environmental barriers.

Treatment for functional incontinence

Bedside commode, mobility training, scheduled toileting.

Overflow incontinence

Leakage of small amounts of urine due to a full bladder and urinary retention.

Treatment for overflow incontinence

Toileting schedule, double voiding, possible catheterization.

Mixed incontinence

Combination of stress and urge incontinence.

Transient incontinence

temporary leakage caused by reversible conditions (infection, new medications, coughing from illness).