English grade 10 exam

**Figurative language:**

* Figurative devices are certain words or phrases that add clarity to texts, poems and essays. They help paint a mental picture in the mind of the reader. 

**Auditory Devices:**

* Sound devices used by authors to express the meaning or experience of poetry/texts through the use of sound

**Hyperbole:**

 figure of speech which uses extreme exaggeration

**Imagery**

* The mental impression summoned up by a word, phrase or sentence.  It suggests to the reader what to think, feel and often “see” in their mind. The five types of imagery are auditory (music, noise, silence), visual (colours, patterns, shapes sizes), tactile (texture, movement, temperature), gustatory (sour, sweet, acidic, bitter, salty), and olfactory ( fragrances and odours). 

**Simile**

figure of speech that compares two things by using “like” or “as

**Metaphor**

* **figure of speech that compares two or more things with a similar quality and does not use “like” or “as”.  One thing is said to be another.**

**Oxymoron**

device where seemingly opposite words are placed together for effect

**Personification**

When an inanimate object or abstract image is given human qualities or abilities

**Allusion**

Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance

**Pathetic Fallacy:**

gives human qualities or emotions to inanimate objects or nature. ( it often gives emotions to nature)

**Understatement**

Figure of speech used by authors to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it actually is. It is the opposite of hyperbole

**Juxtaposition**

* **:** two things being seen or placed close together with __contrasting__ effect ex moon in the night

**Foreshadowing**

literary device where the author hints or leaves clues as to what is coming. It is used to build the reader's expectations and create suspense. It keeps the reader guessing

**Symbolism**

The use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.

**Idiom**

famous expression or a phrase, usually the interpretation is not “literal”

**Alliteration**

The repetition of initial sounds in words within a line or verse of poetry **(S**he **S**ells **S**ea **S**hells by the **S**ea **S**hore)

**Onomatopoeia**

The use of words which suggest their meaning when pronounced. (Boom, splash, Bang)

Literary element plot:

* Exposition: The event that starts the story
* Rising action: Builds up to the climax
* Climax: The highest point of conflict in the story
* Falling action: Starts bringing the plot toward the resolution
* Resolution: The ending of the story, where the conflict is usually resolved

Literary element, types of characters:

* Major characters: Have a large role in the story
* Minor characters: Have a small role in the story 
* The Protagonist: The main character of the story
* The antagonist: The main opponent in the story; can also be the villain or the “bad guy”
* Static characters: Don’t change throughout the story; also called “flat” characters
* Dynamic characters: Undergo change throughout the story

Setting (LE)

the location, time period, and cultural context of where the story takes place

Topic(LE)

the main subject of the story (love, friendship)

Theme(LE)

author's message about the topic. The author is making a statement

Conflict and the different types(LE)

The struggle between two or more opposing forces in the story. It can be internal or external, and there can be more than 1 type in a story

*  Person vs. Self: person in conflict with themselves (INTERNAL)
* Person vs. Person: person in conflict with another person (EXTERNAL)
* Person vs. Nature: person in conflict with a natural element (EXTERNAL)
* Person vs. Technology: person in conflict with technology (EXTERNAL)
* Person vs. Society: person in conflict with larger social forces (EXTERNAL)
* Person vs. Supernatural: person in conflict with a non-human entity (EXTERNAL)

What is satire

* Satire is a tool that writers use to critique or point out a flaw in society, an institution or an individual. 
* Satire adds a comedic or absurd element while pretending to take itself seriously.

4 main types of satire( exageration)

Used to enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous, and its faults can be seen.

* Caricature: the exaggeration of a physical feature or trait. Cartoons, especially political cartoons, provide extensive examples of caricature. 
* Burlesque: the ridiculous exaggeration of language. For instance, when a character who should use formal, intelligent language speaks like a fool or a character who is portrayed as uneducated uses highly sophisticated, intelligent language

4 main types of satire(incongruity)

Used to present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to their surroundings.

* Can also relate to humour that sets up a person to expect one type of outcome, and is surprised by a completely different outcome.
* Cartoons without captions often rely on incongruity (visual puns) to be humorous.

4 main types of satire(reversal)

Used to present the opposite of the normal order

* Or it is used to present the opposite of what the author actually wants to happen, in order to make a point.

4 main types of satire(parody)

literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of another work itself, the subject of the work, or the author of the work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at.

* Used to imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing.

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Mockery

Teasing, often through something absurd.  This can be of a person, group, or social norms/values

Sarcasm

Saying one thing, but meaning another

Irony

A subtle form of humour in which a statement is understood to mean its opposite.

What is a meme

A meme means to copy or imitate. Specifically, it means to copy something in the culture- music, pictures, fashion, hairstyles, gestures etc.

Methods of persuasion( rhetoric)

Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively to appeal to, persuade, inform, educate, or entertain.

3 types of rhetoric (ethos)

Ethos is a greek word meaning “character”. In terms of persuasive language, it is an appeal to authority and credibility. 

* You are trying to establish credibility and show that you are trustworthy, knowledgeable, and well-meaning

3 types of rhetoric(pathos)

pathos is a greek word meaning ‘suffering’ or ‘experience’, and it is used in persuasive speech as an appeal to the emotions of the audience. 

* It is a way of creating a persuasive argument by evoking an emotional response in the audience/reader.
* You can use pathos when trying to persuade by appealing to an audience’s hopes and dreams, playing on their fears or worries, or appealing to their particular beliefs or ideals. 

3 types of rhetoric(logos)

Logos is a greek word meaning ‘a word’ or ‘reason’. In rhetoric, it is an appeal to logic and reason. 

* It is used to persuade an audience with logical thoughts, facts, and rationality.
* Logos can be a useful tool of persuasion because if you can ‘prove’ an argument through logical and sound reasoning, your audience is more likely to be persuaded.