Studied by 0 people
An __________ is a study based on data where there is no manipulating factors.
observational study
A __________ is an observational study where subjects are selected and their previous conditions/behaviors are determined.
retrospective study
A __________ follows subjects to observe future outcomes.
prospective study
In an ________, factors are manipulated to create treatments.
experiment
For an experiment to be valid, it must involve __________ of subjects to treatment groups.
random assignment
A __________ is one whose values are compared across different treatments.
response variable
Individuals on whom an experiment is performed are known as __________.
experimental units
The __________ specifies the values the experimenter chooses for the factors.
level
A __________ is the process or intervention applied to randomly assigned experimental units.
treatment
______, ______, ______, and ______ are the principles of experimental design.
Control, random, replication, blocking
In a ________, all experimental units should have equal chance of receiving any treatment.
completely randomized design
An observed difference is considered __________ when it is too large to think it could be caused by chance.
statistically significant
The __________ is assigned to a baseline treatment level for comparison purposes.
control group
In experiments, __________ is when any individual associated with the experiment is unaware of treatment allocations.
blinding
When everyone in both classes is blinded, it is referred to as __________.
double blind
A __________ is a treatment known to have no effect, administered to control for expectations.
placebo
______ is used to isolate variability attributable to differences between groups in an experiment.
blocking
In a _______, subjects are randomly assigned to treatments only within blocks.
randomized block design
When subjects are similar in ways not under study and are compared, this process is called __________.
matching
__________ is when the levels of one factor are associated with levels of another, making effects difficult to separate.
confounding
The entire group of individuals about whom we wish to learn is called the __________.
population
A __________ is a representative subset of a population examined to learn about the population.
sample
A __________ asks questions of a sample drawn from a population to learn about the whole population.
sample survey
__________ is any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population.
bias
A __________ consists of individuals who are conveniently available, resulting in bias.
convenience sample
The best defense against bias in sampling is __________.
randomization
The number of individuals in a sample is referred to as the __________.
sample size
A __________ is when the sample includes the entire population.
census
A __________ is a numerically valued attribute of a population model that we can estimate but never know precisely.
population parameter
Statistics calculated from sampled data are referred to as __________.
sample statistics
A sample is considered __________ if its statistics accurately reflect the population parameters.
representative
A ___________ gives every set of n elements in a population an equal chance of being selected.
simple random sample
A __________ is a list of individuals from whom a sample is drawn.
sampling frame
________ is the natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ from each other.
sampling variability
In a __________, the population is divided into strata and individuals are drawn from each stratum.
stratified random sample
A __________ involves choosing groups at random to sample, often for convenience.
cluster sample
In a __________, several sampling methods are combined.
multistage sample
A __________ is a small trial run to check if survey questions are good.
pilot survey
__________ occurs when individuals can choose whether to participate in the sample, leading to invalid results.
voluntary response bias
________ biases the sample by giving some population groups less representation.
undercoverage
__________ is introduced when a large fraction of sampled individuals do not respond.
nonresponse bias
_______ occurs from anything in a survey design that influences responses.
response bias
A __________ outcome is free of human influence.
random
A __________ models a real-world situation by using random-digit outcomes to mimic uncertainty.
simulation
A __________ is the sequence of several components representing events in a simulation.
trial
A _________ is the most basic building block of a simulation, essentially a single step or action within a larger trial that is repeated to analyze a specific outcome.
component
A ________ is a variable that is hidden or not included in an analysis, but impacts the relationship being analyzed.
lurking variable
A ________ is a probability sampling method in which a random sample, with a fixed periodic interval, is selected from a larger population.
systematic sample
A _____ refers to the explanatory variable in an experiment.
factor
Note 
Flashcard (21)