Crime control

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24 Terms

1
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What is meant by patterns and trends of victimisation?

Sociologists want to better understand why some groups in society are more likely to be victims of crime and whether certain characteristics make people more, or less, vulnerable to becoming a victim of crime

2
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Positivist victimology

It believes people contribute to their likelihood of becoming a victim through their own behaviour and/or certain characteristics

3
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What would positivist victimology say about people that are victims of crime?

Young people are more likely to engage in risk taking behaviour that may increase their likelihood of being a victim of crime as they get drunk, stay out late etc

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EVAL for positivist victimology

Evidence of victim blaming, e.g. “why were you out at night?”. Led to postmodernist feminist ‘slut walk’ protest and concerns about ‘rape culture’. Removes blame from the criminal. Criminals are responsible for their actions regardless of any ‘provocation’ from potential victims e.g. an open window is not an invitation to enter a home and steal another person’s property.

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What would critical victimology say about people that are victims of crime?

Looks at social groups in society that are more at risk of being victims and suggests this is related to the structure of society. Some groups are more vulnerable than others in society, e.g. homeless people on the street are much more likely to be victims of crime than the general population

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Which features of the CSEW results show links to the structure of society increasing victimisation?

unemployed, those living in deprived areas

7
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EVAL for critical victimology

Women are a more vulnerable group in society, however men are at slightly higher risk of being victims of crime. However, there are certain types of crimes where women are significantly more likely to be victims e.g. sexual assault and domestic violence.

8
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How do we control people’s behaviours?

Informal (peers, family, community expressive approval/disapproval of actions), Formal (punishment through laws)

9
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How did Althusser explain social control?

Repressive state apparatus (the police: using force and coercion). Ideological state apparatus (schools and the media: control through ideology)

10
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Conflict policing

Marxist perspective. The police’s presence is aggressive and menacing. The belief that the police are working directly in the interests of the bourgeoise and against the interests of the proletariat.

11
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Consensus policing?

Functionalist perspective. The police’s presence is welcoming and reassuring. Left realists think this is an ideal model of policing, not necessarily a reality. The police come from and work om behalf of the community that they police.

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Impact of conflict policing

It causes individuals to go against the police and feel that they’re not helpful towards them, so they may be less likely to contact hem. The working class may feel like they’re not valued by the police and therefore go against them. Make society more hostile towards the police and commit more crime/deviance. Fear surrounding the police, this could lead to less crime, but people may not want to report crime due to a lack of trust.

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Impact of consensus policing

Individuals may get justice for crimes. Crimes aren’t taken as seriously, therefore they get away more. Individuals may feel more inclined to speak to officers, breaking down stereotypes about them

14
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Reiner (Marxist) three types of police discretion:

Individual discretion: individual police will use their own discretion. This may not reflect the culture of the police or its role in society. Cultural discretion: the canteen culture of the police impacts discretion so the police may be suspicious or hostile towards certain groups. Structural discretion: the police represent the interests of the bourgeois and enforce laws to protect their interests.

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What impact would individual discretion have on relationships with the general public?

People may be keen on individual discretion because it means that serious crimes would more than likely be handled, so the general public would feel like they’re in safe hands. Other individuals may not like it as they believe it’s unfair. Some individuals may be punished whilst others are not.

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What impact would cultural discretion have on relationships with the general public?

different groups who are targeted may go against cultural discretion so they rebel against them. They feel like it’s a community of people, instead of getting unlucky with an individual police officer.

17
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Critical views of the CJS - ethnicity

Phillip and Bowling suggest that the CJS operates on processes and procedures that disadvantage minority groups. Evidence of institutional racism found in McPherson report, while Lammy report found 25% of those in custody were minority groups.

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Critical views of the CJS - Gender

Traditional views found that the CJS to be patriarchal in nature and protective over women. Changing social attitudes have found women treated more harshly for ‘masculine’ offences like drug dealing. Women made up less than 5% of prisoners in the UK in June 2020

19
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Do we need CCTV: YES

Helps people feel safe, may cause less crime, it’s easier to identity criminals, it’s functional

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Do we need CCTV: NO

No evidence shows that it actually reduces crime. Missed out on important crimes like domestic abuse and cyber crime. Expensive. Lots of CCTV cameras aren’t being used to prevent crime, instead many are private and some are used for marketing researching.

21
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Foucault - internalised surveillance

Even when there is no surveillance, we are so used to being watched that we still behave in a socially desirable manner (or pretend to). We fear judgement and reprimand from formal agencies

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Situational crime prevention (right realist)

Clarke (1992) advocates policies and practices which makes it difficult for crimes to be committed. People will commit offences when the benefits of offending outweigh the costs. Target hardening - improving security. Wilson ‘zero tolerance’. Designing out (redesigning areas to make associated crimes impossible e.g. sloping seats in bus shelters to stop people sleeping rough).

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Environment crime prevention:

Wilson ‘Zero tolerance policy’. Broken window theory. Stresses the need for social control to prevent criminal situations arising. E.g. curfews, no-alcohol zones, security guards.

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Social and community crime prevention (left realist)

Identifying groups/individuals most at risk of committing crimes and intervening in some way. Supported by left realist scholars. E.g. pre school classes, parenting classes, family and relationship counselling. EXAMPLE: troubled families programmes launched by the conservative coalition government. Programme aimed to support ‘troubled families’ with the aim of reducing crime, truancy and social problems