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Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs

n American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans.

Cuban Missile Crisis

In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) remove the 42 missiles he had secretly inserted in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.

Hotline agreement

A direct telephone connection between the US and Soviet Union leaders to communicate directly during a crisis. It was established as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Space race

Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop aerospace capabilities, including artificial satellites, unmanned space probes, and human spaceflight.

John Kennedy

Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War.

Lee Harvey Oswald

. Ex-Marine and communist and communist sympathizer who assassinated JFK in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

Kennedy Cuban “quarantine”

In order to prevent the Soviets from placing nuclear missiles in Cuba

Lyndon Johnson

called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. A federal system of health insurance for those requiring financial assistance.

Great Society

A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

Medicare/Medicaid

Great Society programs that guaranteed healthcare for specific groups, medicare for 65 and older, and medicaid for poor. Office of Economic Opportunity. A federal agency, founded in the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty conducted by President Lyndon Johnson.

VISTA

land battle of the Mexican-American War fought on 23 February 1847. The numerically disadvantaged invading U.S. army, using heavy artillery, successfully repulsed the Mexican attack on their position

Nikita Khrushchev

Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964, he was a communist party offical who emerge from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR. He crushed a pro-Western uprising of Hngary in 1956, and, in 1958, issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berline.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution

authorized President Lyndon Johnson to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression” by the communist government of North Vietnam.

Hearts and Minds

refers to the strategy and programs used by the governments of Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to win the popular support of the Vietnamese people and to help defeat the Viet Cong insurgency.

zippo raids

an easy way for the US to weed out the Viet Cong

Strategic Hamlets

but it called for villages to be destroyed so the US moved S. Vietnamese to villages enclosed by barbed wire, reminiscent of internment camps to keep them out of the fire zone and to keep out infiltration of Viet Congs \n S: worsened relations with vietnamese and US because they would not understand why they were forced out of homes

Tent offensive

a coordinated attack on American and South Vietnamese troops in early 1968 by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops. The attack had profound political and psychological repercussions on the American domestic front.

1968 election

On November 5, 1968, the Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon won the election over the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The election also featured a strong third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace.

My Lai

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

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McNamara’s Morons

Businessman turned secretary of defense from 1961-1968, he was the author of the "flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all. As defense secretary, he was the chief architect of the Vietnam War.

Counterculture

a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture; "hippies" who accepted drugs and sexuality and lived unconnected to the past.

Woodstock

This counterculture festival occured in 1969 on a farm in New York State. Hippies gathered at the concert for a three-day party that involved sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin wowed the crowd that lived together in the dirt and mud of the farm.

Kent State

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.

Ping pong diplomacy

US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends

Sino-Soviet split

he gradual worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War.

\n 1972 election

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

SALT I

a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.

ABM Treaty

treaty between the U.S and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.

Watergate

was a problem in Washington during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The members of an association working to have Nixon re-elected, CREEP, were involved in a burglary, and it was then linked to Nixon. The CREEP group had also gotten lots of money from unidentifiable places. Suspicion set in and Nixon was accused of getting illegal help in being re-elected. Nixon tried to use government to cover-up his involvement. Impeachment proceedings were started but Nixon resigned from his office in August of 1974.

Richard Nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine.

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Southern Strategy

was a Republican Party electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans.

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency.

Leonid Brezhnev

general secretary of the Communist Party and premier of the Soviet Union from 1964, when he ousted Khrushchev to his eath in 1982. He engaged in detente with American presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter and in both series of SALT negotiations.

Sane Freeze

nuclear weapon freeze campaign

Silent majority

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions.

War on drugs

Started under President Nixon in 1971. The campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid being undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, intended to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade.

EPA-Environmental Protection Agency

A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment.

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency.

Fall of Saigon

Battle where North Vietnam captured capital of South Vietnam and named it Ho Chi Mihn City, Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken.

Khmer Rouge

communist party in Cambodia that imposed a reign of terror on Cambodian citizens. Iran Hostage Crisis. period during which 53 Americans hostages were taken by militant fundamentalist Muslims; made Carter look weak.

Jimmy Carter

President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979.

SALT II

a second series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. about nuclear arms reduction. The talks, though never ratified by the Senate due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, both sides agreed to limit strategic launchers and weapons.

Stagflation

high rates of inflation (rising prices) coupled with an economic slowdown (stagnant economy, or low demand) and persistent high rates of unemployment – the economic phenomena definitive of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Iranian hostage crisis

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile.

Camp David Accords

These documents established A Framework for Peace in the Middle East and a Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel.

Irangate

scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.

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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

1979 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Mikhail Gorbachev

was the Soviet leader that was installed as chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1985. He was amicable, energetic, and most of all committed to reforming the Soviet Union. He championed two policies: glasnost and perestroika. These measures would promote "openness" and "restructuring" of the economy. These measures, however, required that the Cold War be put to an end. His cooperation with Ronald Reagan has earned the two leaders great praises.

Glasnost/Perestroika

was intent on improving relations with the US as a part of his new policy glasnost (political openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens) and perestroika (restructuring the soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices).