APHUG Unit 2 Population

Agricultural Density

The amount of farmers/ arable land

Better at indicating a country’s level of economic development rather than population distribution.

Aging population - impacts

• Economic: rising healthcare and pension costs, fewer workers supporting retirees.

• Social: increased elderly dependency and demand for caregiving.

• Political: pressure to raise taxes, reform pensions, or increase retirement age.

• Environmental: slower population growth may reduce strain on resources.

Antinatalist Policies

Government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth. Through propaganda, incentives, deincentives, and family planning education.

Arable Land

Land that is farmable.

Arithmetic Density

The total population/ land area.

Does not account for the uneven distribution of population within a region.

Baby Boom

A period of rapid population growth due to a high birth rate.

Boserup

Food supply is impacted directly by population growth. As population increases, humans will develop new technologies to also increase production of food supply.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources without damaging the environment or using natural resources unsustainably.

Census

A survey of the total population of a region done by a governing body.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

The number of deaths per 1000 children in the first 5 years of those children’s lives.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births occuring in one year per 1000 people.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths occuring in one year per 1000 people.

Demography

The study of population statistics.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Used by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline, including patterns of births, deaths, and natural increase rates.

• Stage One: High CBR, High CDR, Low NIR, Youth Dependency. No countries are currently in this stage.

• Stage Two: High CBR, CDR is falling rapidly, NIR is rapidly growing, Youth Dependency. Niger and South Sudan

• Stage Three: Falling CBR, CDR is falling slower, NIR growth slows, society is still young but more people are surviving longer. India and Mexico

• Stage Four: Low CBR, Low CDR, NIR falls, stabilizes, and low growth. begins to shift to elderly dependency. China and USA

• Stage Five: Very Low CBR, Low CDR, Negative or very low NIR, Elderly dependency. Japan and Germany.

Dependency Ratio

100 x (The # of people in a dependent age group/the number of people in the working age group)

Dependent age groups are

• under the age of 15 (youth dependency)

• over the age of 65 (elderly dependency)

Doubling Time

The number of years in which a population will double, assuming the growth rate remains stable.

Ecumene

The habitable areas of the world

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop, which corresponds with the stages of the DTM.

• Stage One: Infectious Diseases, Pandemics, Epidemics, Malnutrition.

• Stage Two: Decline in infectious diseases due to medical advances, sanitation, and improved nutrition.

• Stage Three: Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle

• Stage Four: Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle can be delayed with medical advances.

• Stage Five: Return of infectious diseases since bacteria and parasites have evolved to become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and causes of diseases.

Epidemic

A rapid spread of a disease affecting many people in a region.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of children who die before 1 year of age.

J-Curve

The population growth has increased significantly after the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. This is known as the population j-curve.

Life Expectancy (Longevity Rate)

The number of years the average person will live.

Malthusian Theory

Population grows exponentially while food output growth arithmetically. This would result in food shortage and famine due to overpopulation.

Malthus, Thomas

• Lived in England in the 1700s. Experienced the Industrial Revolution.

• Published an essay on the Principles of Population Growth in 1798/

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

The annual numner of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause to pregnancy.

Medical Revolution

Advances in medicine that reduce death rates and increase life expectancy.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern scholars who believe population growth still threatens resources.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)/ Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

(CBR - CDR)/10

Does not account for migration.

Overpopulation

A situation where population exceeds available resources.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads worldwide.

Physiological Density

Total population/ arable land

Population Concentrations

Areas where people are clustered densely.

Population Density

The number of people living in an area.

Population Distribution (ESPN)

• Economic: jobs and wealth are unevenly distributed, causing inequality

• Social: overcrowding in dense areas and isolation in sparse regions

• Political: unequal representation and difficulty providing services

• Environmental: resource overuse in dense areas and underuse in sparsely populated areas.

Population Explosion

Rapid population growth due to declining death rates.

Population Growth Rate

Births - Deaths + immigrants - Emigrants

Accounts for migration

Population Pyramid

Shows the population structure/composition of a location. Used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services.

Pro Natalist Policies

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate and accelerate population growth. Achieve through propaganda, incentives, and financial support.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries after the census every 10 years.

Sex Ratio (Gender Ratio)

The proportion of males to females in a population.

There may be few women or men in a society due to:

• war

• insufficient healthcare for women

• migration

• gendercide/sex-selective abortions

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children who would be born per woman during their childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A population with equal birth and death rates.

Where is the global population?

2/3 of the world’s 7-8 billion people are found in the four following regions:

• Western Europe

• East Asia

• South Asia

• Southeast Asia

Population Distribution (“5 toos”)

People do not settle in places that are too hot, cold, wet, hilly, or dry.

They are likley to settle in places with:

• low elevation

• fertile soil

• temperate climates

• near a body of water.

LDCs and MDCs

• LDC - Least Developed Countries

• MDC - Most Developed Countries