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Civil Liberties
Constitutional protections against infringement by the government.
Civil Rights
Policies that protect people from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government; ensures equal protection of the laws.
Due Process Clause
14th amendment clause that protects individuals from infringements by the government and has been used to incorporate civil liberties to the states.
Equal Protection Clause
14th amendment clause that declares states cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals; has been used to incorporate civil rights.
Selective Incorporation
The process of gradually applying the Bill of Rights to the states.
Prior restraint
Censorship of a publication before it is printed; typically not allowed under the law.
Clear-and-present danger test
This standard, set forth in Schenck v. U.S., declares that speech is not covered by the 1st amendment if it poses a public threat.
Libel
Written expression that is both false and malicious.
Slander
Spoken expression that is both false and malicious.
Symbolic speech
Expressing a political message through an action.
Free Exercise Clause
First Amendment requirement that allows people to practice whatever religion they choose.
Establishment Clause
First amendment provision that declares the government may not declare a national religion or give preference to one religion over another.
Miranda Rule
Policy that police officers must inform all suspects of their rights before questioning.
Exclusionary rule
This standard states that evidence gained without a proper warrant may not be used in a criminal trial.
Double Jeopardy
This provision states that an individual may not be tried for the same crime twice.
Search Warrant
A court order signed by a judge that authorizes law enforcement to conduct a search of a person, property, or location.
Probable Cause
Reasonable foundation for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion.
Separate-but-equal Doctrine
Doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregated facilities may be established for different races and still be considered equal.
De jure segregation
Racial segregation enforced by law.
De facto segregation
Racial segregation that occurs not as a result of the law, but as a result of residential patterns and customs.
Civil disobedience
Opposing a law considered unjust by peacefully disregarding it and accepting the resulting punishment.
Affirmative Action
Positive steps taken by the government to increase minority participation in some institutions by appointing or giving preference to more minority-group members.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Law that prohibited segregation in public accommodations and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law that aimed to limit voting barriers for African Americans, most notably the use of discriminatory literacy tests.
Title IX
Law that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibited sex-based discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving federal funding.
1st Amendment
This constitutional provision protects an individual's right to free speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.
2nd Amendment
This constitutional provision protects an individual's right to bear arms.
4th Amendment
This constitutional provision protects an individual's right against unreasonable searches and seizures.
5th Amendment
This constitutional provision protects individuals from incriminating themselves or facing double jeopardy, among other protections regarding legal proceedings.
6th Amendment
This constitutional provision guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to counsel, and the right to confront and present witnesses, among other legal protections.
8th Amendment
This constitutional provision protects an individual from cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.
14th Amendment
This constitutional provision provides a guarantee of citizenship, as well as equal protection and due process, which have been the sources of incorporation for key protections in the Bill of Rights.