covalent bonding
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4 Terms
define covalent bonding
electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
what is dative (coordinate) bonding
a type of covalent bond where both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom
the pair is shared after bonding
a dative bond forms when:
one atom has a lone pair of electrons
another atom has an empty orbital and needs electrons
represented with an arrow from donor to receptor
how to know if an atom has a lone pair
a lone pair is a pair of valence (located on the outermost shell) electrons that does not form a bond with another atom
find number of valence electrons = their group number
count how many bonds the atom forms, each bond uses one electron from the atom
lone pair electrons = (valence electrons − number of bonds) / 2
define average bond enthalpy
the average amount of energy required to break one mole of a specific covalent bond, measured in the gaseous state, averaged across a variety of different compounds
the larger the value of the average bond enthalpy, the stronger the covalent bond
