HDFS 314 EXAM 2

What are EBD’S?

Emotional and Behavior Disorders

an umbrella term, includes children with psychiatric disorders

What are the characteristics of EBD’S?

Hyperactivity

• short attention span and impulsiveness

Aggression / Self Injurious Behavior

• acting out and fighting

Withdrawal

• not interacting socially with others + excessive fear / anxiety

Immaturity

• inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, and poor coping skills

Learning Difficulties

• academically performing below grade level

What is the prevalence in EBD’S?

Not explained by intellectual, cultural, sensory or general health factors

Approx. 8.3 million children (4yrs-17yrs) have talked about EPD difficulties

About 2.9 million children have been prescribed medication 

What are Psychiatric Disorders?

Mental, behavioral, or perceptual patterns

impair daily functioning

and may cause distress

What are some examples of Psychiatric Disorders?

Anxiety Disorders

Bipolar Disorders

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Psychotic Disorders

Mood Disorders

What are Behavioral Disorders?

Disruptive or harmful behaviors in the classroom

• cannot be explained by psychiatric disorders

What are some examples of Behavioral Disorders?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Conduct Disorder

What are Internalizing Problems of EBD’S?

Negativity that is focused within

• social withdrawal, loneliness, guilt, not talking

• feeling unloved, sadness, irritability, fearfulness

• changes in sleeping / eating / concentrating

What are Externalizing Problems of EBD’S?

Negativity that is focused outside

• fighting, threatening, physical aggression

• cursing, stealing, destruction

• running away from home, underage drinking

• refusal to following rules (laws and curfews)

What does the abbreviation of CBCL stand for?

The Child Behavior Checklist

What is the purpose of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)?

To detect emotional and behavioral problems in children

• standardized assessment to approach emotional and behavioral problems

• one of the most common used measures in schools and research

• 99 problems are reported by caregivers in this assessment

What are the 7 Syndrome Scales in the CBCL for ages 1.5 - 5?

1. Emotionally Reactive

2. Anxious / Depressed

3. Somatic Complaints

4. Withdrawn

5. Sleep Problems

6. Attention Problems

7. Aggressive Behavior

What are the 5 DSM Oriented Scales in the CBCL for ages 1.5 - 5?

1. Affective Problems

2. Anxiety Problems

3. Pervasive Developmental Problems

4. Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Problems

5. Oppositional Defiant Problems

What are some ways to summarize the results from the CBCL?

• 7 Syndrome Scales

• 5 DSM Oriented Scales

• Internalizing Behaviors

• Externalizing Behaviors

• Sleep Problems

What can a T Score tell you?

Normal Range = 67 and lower

Borderline Range = 67 - 70

Clinical Range = 70 or higher

What are some Risk Factors for EBD?

Parental psychopathology

Poor parent - child relationships

Tobacco exposure / poverty

Developmental delay / male gender

What are some strategies to support children with EBD’S?

Trainings for parents, peers, and teachers

Rules and routines

Consequences for breaking rules

Supporting positive behaviors (behavior chart, token, etc.)

What are Learning Disabilities?

Neurologically based processing problems

• can interfere with learning basic skills like reading, writing, and math

• CANNOT be cured or fixed

What are diagnostic classifications of a Specific Learning Disability (SLD)?

DSM-5 SLD Diagnostic Criteria

• difficulties learning and using academic skills

1. inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading

2. difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read

3. difficulties with spelling

4. difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculations

5. difficulties with mathematical reasoning

What is the term of Phonological Processing?

Phonological Loop

• eyes to mouth to ear

• see it, say it, hear it

What is the term of Orthographic Processing?

Orthographic Loop

• ear to hand to eyes

• hear it, write it, read it

What is Dyslexia / Specific Reading Disability (SRD)?

Reading difficulties + problems with accurate or fluent word recognition

• word reading, reading rate, reading comprehension

• usually accompanied by spelling difficulties

Rely on Orthographic Loop

*most commonly recognized form of learning disability

*most common in boys

What are some Intervention Strategies for Reading?

Phonemic awareness and phonic skills

Fluency, accuracy, speed, and expression

Reading comprehension strategies

Teacher education and tools

Digital technology

What is Dyscalculia?

Disability that affects a person’s ability to understand numbers / math

• poor comprehension of math symbols, memorizing / organizing numbers

• difficulty telling time or have trouble with counting

*roughly equal gender distribution

What are some Intervention Strategies for Dyscalculia?

Use of finger and scratch paper

Diagrams and drawings of math concepts

Graph paper and colored pencils

Pictures for word problems

What is Dysgraphia?

Disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability and fine motor skills

• illegible handwriting and inconsistent spacing

• poor planning on paper

• poor spelling and difficulty writing

• difficulty writing and thinking at the same time

May have ILLEGIBLE cursive writing

*more common in male gender

What are some Intervention Strategies for Dysgraphia?

Suggest use of word processor

Use oral exams

Use a note taker / tape recorder

Provide note outlines

Use wide rule paper and graph paper

Is this an example of Dysgraphia or Dyslexia?

Dysgraphia

What are some Impairments Associated with Specific Learning Disabilities?

25% - 50% of indv. with disabilities have ADDITIONAL impairments

• memory

• executive functions

• attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (AHDH)

• social cognition

• emotional and behavioral disorders

What is Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (AHDH)?

Disorder that affects brain function + patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

*one of the most common mental disorders affecting children

*most common in boys

How likely is it that a child with a learning disorder also has other impairments?

About 25% - 50% of students are identified with a concomitant disorder

• memory deficits, executive dysfunction, attention deficits

• social / emotional impairments

• behavioral noncompliance

• sensory impairments + chronic illnesses

What are some of the potential health concerns when misdiagnosed with an SLD?

Developmental Disability

• sensory impairments, epilepsy

Chronic Illness

• diabetes, sickle cell disease, cancer

Psychosocial Problems

• hunger, poverty, abuse

What are some Intervention Strategies for children with SLD’S?

Phonemic / Phonological

• sounds in words, letter sounds, rhyming, alphabet awareness, syllables

Fluency

• word naming, oral reading, reading to peers, dolls, animals

Comprehension

• questions (literal, inferential, creative thinking, and critical)

What is the Dual Route Theory?

Reading occurs through two distinct, parallel cognitive pathways

1. Lexical (orthographic) route

2. Non-lexical (phonological) route

What are SMART IEP Goals?

Goals that are …

Specific

Measurable

use Action words

Realistic

Time limited

IEP = written legal document that lays out program of special education

What does the acronym ASHA stand for?

American Speech Language Hearing Association

What are the risk factors for Death and Hard of Hearing Children?

Neonatal Factors

• prematurity

• intraventricular hemorrhage

• necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

• prolonged ventilation

Bacterial Meningitis

Genetic Syndromes

Family history

What is the definition for the term Pina?

Outer part of the ear that collects sound and directs it into the ear canal

What is the definition for the term Ear Canal?

Tube that carries sound from the outside ear to the eardrum

What is the definition for the term Malleus, Incus, and Stapes?

Three tiny middle ear bones that pass sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

What is the definition for the term Tympanic Membrane?

Eardrum that vibrates when sound hits it, helping one hear

What is the definition for the term Cochlea and Labyrinth?

A spiral-shaped inner ear structure that converts sound vibrations into nerve signals for the brain

Inner ear passages that includes the cochlea and helps with both hearing and balance

What is the definition for the term Auditory Nerve?

What are the 1-3-6 Guidelines?

Hearing screening by 1 month

Diagnosis by 3 months

Intervention by 6 months

What is Diagnostic Overshadowing?

Underdiagnosis

mistaking a developmental disability as just hearing loss.

• lack of diagnosis + lack of early intervention = long term outcomes

• child and family miss out on appropriate services

Overdiagnosis

mistaking hearing related challenges for a developmental disability

• inappropriate supports may fail to meet needs or help families prepare.

• misdiagnosis can lead to schools or programs not accepting the child

What is Sensorineural Hearing Loss?

Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve causing permanent hearing loss

• damage to the hair cells or spiral ganglion neurons in the inner ear

*inner ear, cochlea, auditory nerve

Treatment = amplification through hearing aids or cochlear implants

What is Conductive Hearing Loss?

Sound is blocked in the outer or middle ear, reducing how well it reaches the inner ear

• sound waves cannot go to outer ear canal, through the eardrum / small bones of inner ear

*outer ear canal, eardrum, small bones

Treatment = medically, surgically, bone conduction hearing aids

What is Combined or Mixed Hearing Loss?

A combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss

*often permanent

Treatment = hearing aids can be beneficial

What are Neural Hearing Disorders?

When the auditory nerve cannot properly send signals to the brain

trouble with speech perception or understanding speech

*auditory nerve