GSS term 2 | Quizlet

1972

UN conference on sustainability; Limits to growth

1987

Brundtland report

1992

Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro

1994

invention of triple bottom line

1997

kyoto agreement on reducing the emission of greenhouse gases

2012

Rio+20 conference

2015

Paris agreement on climate change action

anthropocene

a new era compromising recent centuries where human behavior has had an increased impact on the atmosphere of the Earth

environmental impact

change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from the environmental aspect of an organization

environmental aspect

element of an activity or product or service of an organization that interacts with the environment

pollution

the presence of substances or objects in the environment which may cause adverse effects on the natural environment or on life

ecosystem

complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space

ecosystem services

services provided by the natural environment that benefit people

types of environments

- Social

- Biophysical/Natural

- Business

- Built or Modified

corporate social responsibility (CSR)

The continuing commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large

Characteristics of CSR

- products and services meet the clients needs

- complying with more than the minimum legal requirements

- ethical behavior is second skin for management

- safe and healthy working conditions

- cares for environment

- integrates itself in the community

triple bottom line

People, planet, profit. Shift from tending to shareholders interest to considering the importance of stakeholders to create shared value

key sustainability principles

- Polluter pays principle

- Precautionary principle

- Participatory principle

Polluter pays principle

Developed by OECD in 1972. If you pollute the environment, you need to pay fines.

Precautionary principle

Developed by UN in 1992. Aimed to prevent pollution or negative environmental impact.

Participatory principle

Aimed at engaging with stakeholders in favor of positive environmental impacts.

environmental management system (EMS; according to the book)

a tool for managing a business's environmental impact by providing a clearly structured approach to planning and implementing environment actions

system

a set of elements or parts that is coherently organized and interconnected in a pattern or structure that produces a characteristic set of behaviors, often classified as its function or purpose

environmental management system (according to ISO)

part of the management system used to manage environmental aspect, fulfill compliance obligations, and address risks and opportunities

PDCA cycle

Plan, Do, Check, Act

environmental components

natural, human made, human

natural components

living things, water, air, land, abiotic, biotic

human made components

buildings, parks, roads, bridges, monuments

human components

cultural, economical, social

supply chain

the way the raw material is transformed into the product and distributed among consumers

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

an assessment of the environmental impacts associated with a material or product throughout its life cycle

product lifecycle

raw material, processing, transportation, retail & use phase, waste

phases of LCA

goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment

EMS standards and guidelines

- European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

- ISO 14001

industrial safety

creating a safe environment for the worker in an industry from any hazards

safety science

interdisciplinary study of accidents and accident prevention

milestones in the development of safety science

- Act of God

- First legislations and professional organizations

- Taylorism

- Domino theory and accident pyramid

- human factors

- Swiss cheese and SMS

- safety culture

- resilience engineering

Taylorism

Scientific method to study work and determine the most efficient way to perform tasks. Workers are matched to their jobs based on their capabilities.

3 central questions of safety management

- Do extensive and detailed procedures improve safety?

- Is compliance to procedures always good?

- Should work be planned at the top?

rule / procedure

defines the characteristics an action must fulfill; says what needs to be done and the conditions to do this.

types of rules / procedures

1. performance goals

2. process rules

3. action rules

performance goals

what needs to be achieved and not how it should be done

process rules

define the process by which somebody or some organization will cooperate

action rules

specify actions in terms of if-then statements. They say exactly how people need to behave in response to situations, cues or indications, or how equipment needs to be designed or tested

Where can safety rules and procedures be found?

- Documents that do not specifically concern safety or take safety into account

- Documents that contain a separate part that concerns safety

- Documents devoted only to safety

- Documents that integrate safety aspects in their description of equipment design and the different work phases related to it

violation

Behavior that does not conform to the procedure

Reasons why violations occur (model 1)

- Individual factors

- Hardware or activity factors

- Organizational or safety climate factors

- Rule-related factors

individual factors causing violations

- Attitude to and habits of noncompliance

- worker level of training

- experience / knowledge

- shortcuts

- fatigue

hardware / activity factors causing violations

- complicated design

- design makes it necessary to achieve goals

- use of incorrect materials

organizational / safety climate factors causing violations

- management

- inconsistent sanctioning

- supervisors do not participate in the work

- conflicting demands

rule-related factors causing violations

- procedure is difficult to understand

- violation is needed to get the job done

types of violations

- exceptional

- optimizing

- situational

- routine

Model 1

Tayloristic view of full compliance to rules and procedures made up by managers

Advantages of Model 1

Saves time and effort, clarity of tasks, increases predictability, basis for control

Disadvantages of Model 1

blindness to new situations, resentment, repressing innovation, little adaptation

Model 2

procedures are resources for action, their application entails substantive and skillful cognitive actvity taking into account the specific conditions

principles of Model 2

- understanding situational demands

- procedures serve as a framework

- cognitive skills

- safety depends on people's adaptiveness

- recognizing gap between procedures and practice

5 disciplines included in safety science

- psychology

- social science

- physical science

- population health

- engineering

3 pillars of Heinrich´s theory

1. Domino effect

2. Fixed ratio between accidents and minor and major injuries

3. Worker unsafe acts are responsible for accidents

Domino effect

injuries are a result of linear, single causation

5 dominoes that contribute to injuries

1. social environment and ancestry

2. fault of person

3. unsafe acts and conditions

4. accident

5. injury

Bird´s accident causation model

1. Lack of control

2. Basic Causes (personal and job factors)

3. Immediate Causes *substandard practices and condition)

- accident - loss

Lack of control

inadequate or superficial safety or loss prevention program

basic causes of accidents

personal factors, job factors

immediate causes of accidents

substandard practices, substandard conditions

substandard practices

operating equipment without authority; improper loading; horseplay; being under the influence

substandard conditions

inadequate guards/barriers; defective tools; poor housekeeping; inadequate ventilation

Heinrich´s pyramid

300 incidents - 29 minor injuries - 1 serious injury

Bird´s pyramid

600 near misses - 10 damag incidents - 10 minor injuries - 1 serious injury

arguments contra Heinrich´s theory

- absence of scientific validity

- dominance of human error

- not universally consistent across various sectors

hindsight bias

people think that past events were more predictable and avoidable than they really were

ignoring complexity in accidents

overlooking actual complexity of the situation and the possibility that those involved did not see these signs as important at the time

questioning after-the-fact analysis

hindsight bias oversimplifies and wrongly blames workers without identifying why they acted the way they did

dividing human and mechanical errors

blaming the worker when no equipment issues are found; oversimplifying the relation between human actions and mechanical problems

Behaviour based safety (BBS)

Focusing on individual employee and their behaviors. It is a mix of Heinrich´s theory and behaviorism

Steps to define safe behavior

Identify hazards and associated risks - identify controls - develop standards/ procedures

criteria to select behavior for observation

- observable

- reliable

- something over which employee has control

- described in a positive way

Gilbreth method

a motion to study, involved breaking down a task into its most fundamental components and timing each one. Used to reassemble tasks to the most effectice combination of components

human error (traditional)

random incident / solely due to individual shortcomings

human error (modern)

a logical outcome of the interaction between people and the specific features of their work environment

human factor

a body of science that incorporates the physical and cognitive capabilities and limitations of populations of people into the design and operation of a system, process or equipment

human factor and ergonomics

a discipline concerned with designing machines, operations and work environments so that they match human capabilities and needs

error-resistant system

systems that oppose, retard or not even invite errors

Error-tolerant systems

systems that do not necessarily oppose errors but are forgiving when they occur

fault tolerance

machines do not stop or break when when something wrong happens, but continue in a safe manner

4 stages of information processing

- sensing

- perceiving

- decision-making

- motor action or performance

situation awareness

the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future

loss of situational awareness

gap between current and past knowledge

cognitive system engineering (CSE)

a field of study that examines the intersection of people, work and technology, with a focus on safety-critical systems

joint cognitive system

a collection of people and technology that is capable of cognitive work

current challenges of joint cognitive systems

- data overload

- automation surprise

- mode errors

safety in a system

quality of a system that allows the system to function under predetermined conditions with an acceptable minimum of accidental loss

reasons why hazards occur

- causes within a system

- external threats

- both

important aspects of system safety

- effective hazard analysis

- anticipating and controlling hazards in the design phase

- potential hazards are detected

risk assessment methods for system safety

- HAZOP

- FMEA

- fault trees

manmade disaster

a catastrophic event resulting primarily from human actions

6 stages of disaster incubation

1. notionally normal starting point

2. incubation period

3. precipitating event

4. onset

5. rescue & salvage

6. full cultural adjustment

Psychological behaviourism

views behaviour as shaped by rewards and punishments and focuses on changing people's behaviour directly, without addressing people's thoughts or mental processes

Energy Forms

1. Thermal

2. Chemical

3. Acoustic

4. Radiation

5. Hydraulic/Pneumatic

6. Kinetic (car movement on the road)

7. Potential

8. Electrical

9. Mechanical

Cradle

the inception of the product with the sourcing of the raw material.