Chap 41 animal bodies homeostatsis

Muscle Tissue

Tissue formed by cells that contract to generate force

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue attached to bone or exoskeleton that facilitates movement; voluntary control

Smooth Muscle

Muscle tissue that surrounds tubes and cavities for the propulsion of contents; involuntary control

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle tissue that is only found in the heart; involuntary control

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that initiates and conducts electrical signals from one bodily region to another

Functions of Nervous Tissue

Initiate action potentials, Stimulate muscles, & Stimulate glands

Neuron

A singular nerve cell

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue comprised of sheets of densely packed cells that cover, enclose, or line the body, organs, & body cavities

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects, anchors, & supports; includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, and loose & dense connective tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue

Forms extracellular matrices around cells, Provides scaffolding for attachment, Protects & cushions, Provides mechanical strength, & Transmits information

Intracellular Bodily Fluid

Bodily fluid found inside cells

Extracellular Bodily Fluid

Bodily fluid found outside of tissue

Examples of Bodily Fluids

Plasma, Interstitial fluid, & Hemolymph

Plasma

The fluid portion of blood

Interstitial Fluid

The fluid found in-between cells

Hemolymph

An intermingled fluid of both intra and extracellular fluid found in invertebrates; bodily fluid is kept separate in vertebrates

Passive Diffusion

The movement of a solute down a concentration gradient; doesn't require energy

Factors that Affect Passive Diffusiion

The rate of diffusion is affected by the concentration gradient & the area for diffusion

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Hypoosmotic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell; causes cells to rupture (lyse)

Hyperosmotic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of a cell; causes cells to shrivel (crenate)

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a balanced internal environment

Endotherms

Organisms who regulate their internal environment at different levels than their external environment; mammals

Exotherms

Organisms whose internal environment largely conforms to their external environment

Regulators

Animals that work to maintain an internal environment different than their external environment; requires more energy

Conformers

Animals that maintain the same internal environment as their external environment; requires less energy

In regard to being either a regulator or conformer, animals can be...

both with respect to different variables

Negative Feedback Loop

A feedback loop that responds to a change in homeostasis by moving the system back towards equilibrium (limits the change)

Positive Feedback Loop

A feedback loop that responds to a change in homeostasis by moving the system further away from equilibrium (exaggerates the change); childbirth