CHN 1.2

Web of Causation

A complex network of interrelated risk factors contributing to disease.

Ecological Triad

A variation of the epidemiological triangle highlighting multiple causation theories.

Intervention Wheel

A visual tool outlining public health nursing interventions across individual, community, and systems levels.

Surveillance

Systematic collection and analysis of health data.

Outreach

Locating populations and informing them about health concerns and services.

Screening

Identifying individuals at risk or with asymptomatic conditions.

Case Finding

Locating individuals with specific risk factors and connecting them to resources.

Referral and Follow-up

Ensuring access to necessary services and monitoring outcomes.

Coalition Building

Forming alliances among organizations for shared health goals.

Community Organizing

Mobilizing community members to identify problems and implement solutions.

Department of Health (DOH)

The Philippines’ principal health agency responsible for access to public health services and regulation of health providers.

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

The central statistical authority that collects, analyzes, and publishes demographic and health data.

World Health Organization (WHO)

A UN agency focused on international public health, aiming for the highest possible level of health for all peoples.

Census

Systematic acquisition and recording of information about members of a population.

De Jure Census

Tallies people based on their legal or regular residence.

De Facto Census

Tallies people based on where they are physically located during enumeration.

Natural Increase

Difference between live births and deaths in a given time period.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Crude birth rate minus crude death rate, indicating population growth.

Absolute Increase

Number of people added to the population per year.

Relative Increase

Percentage change in population size over time.

Case Definition

Standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a specific disease or condition.

Descriptive Epidemiology

Describes disease frequency and distribution by person, place, and time.

Analytical Epidemiology

Investigates causes and determinants of disease through hypothesis testing.

Intervention Epidemiology

Tests new methods for disease control or health improvement.

Evaluation Epidemiology

Measures the impact of health programs and services.

Common Source Epidemic

Outbreak from simultaneous exposure to a shared infectious agent.

Propagated Epidemic

Outbreak spread through person-to-person transmission.

Cyclical Variation

Seasonal or short-term fluctuations in disease incidence.

Secular Variation

Long-term trends in disease occurrence.

Inanimate Reservoirs

Non-living sources of infection like air, soil, water, and fomites.

Sentinel Surveillance

Monitoring selected health events in specific populations to detect trends.

Surveillance

Systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for planning and evaluation.

Disease Investigation

Gathering and analyzing data to identify threats, sources, and appropriate responses.

Social Marketing

Use of marketing principles to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities.

Delegated Functions

Direct health tasks carried out by nurses under legal authority.

Consultation

Seeking information and generating solutions collaboratively.

Collaboration

Commitment of two or more parties to achieve a shared health goal.

Coalition Building

Forming alliances among organizations for a common purpose.

Community Organizing

Mobilizing community groups to identify problems and implement solutions.

Wheel Model

Emphasizes genetic core, host characteristics, and environmental influences.

Web of Causation

Complex network of interrelated risk factors contributing to disease.

Ecological Triad

Highlights multiple causation theories using agent-host-environment dynamics.

3-year-old girl from Lanao del Sur

First confirmed polio case in 2019 outbreak

5-year-old boy from Laguna Province

Second confirmed polio case

38-year-old female Chinese national

First confirmed COVID-19 case in the Philippines (Jan 2020)

2015–2018

Annual dengue cases tracked; highest in 2018 with 216,190 cases.

January–June 2019

Dengue incidence 85% higher than same period in 2018.

July 2019

DOH declared a National Dengue Alert.

Late 2017

Measles outbreak began in Mindanao.

August 13 & 22, 2019

VDPV2 detected in Manila and Davao sewage samples.

2018

• Measles cases reached 20,827 with 199 deaths.

• HIV/AIDS prevalence: 0.1%; 77,000 living with HIV; 1,200 deaths.

September 14 & 19, 2019

Two confirmed polio cases reported.

January–September 2019

Diphtheria cases: 167 with 40 deaths.

May 2020

WHO statement on COVID-19 origins and global response.

2008–2017

Annual death data tracked; peak in 2015 (582,183 deaths).

2017

• 579,237 registered deaths; 292,098 not medically attended.

• Infant deaths by region and sex reported.

• Population density: 352/km²; dependency ratio: 57.5.

• Literacy rate: 98.3%; average household size: 4.4.

• 93.3% of births attended by health professionals.

• 46.7% of babies born to unwed mothers.

• 196,478 babies born to adolescent mothers.

• 27,068 babies sired by fathers aged 50+.

• Median age of mothers: 26; fathers: 29.

2012–2017

5% decline in live births over five years.

1980

Population density: 159/km²; dependency ratio: 86.3.

2015 Census

Used for 2017 population projections (104.9 million).

2016

• Total population: 103.32 million.

• Obesity prevalence: 6.4%; vectorborne diseases tracked.

2020

Total population: 109,947,900.

1982–2006

HIV cases tracked; one-third were OFWs.

2006

DOH reported rise in STIs including syphilis and gonorrhea.

2015

21.5% of children under 5 were underweight.

Hippocrates

Often called the "Father of Medicine," he was one of the first to link disease to environmental factors like climate and living conditions. His ideas laid the groundwork for epidemiological thinking.

John Snow

Known as the "Father of Modern Epidemiology," he traced the source of a cholera outbreak in London (1854) to a contaminated water pump, pioneering the use of mapping and data analysis in disease control.

William Farr

A statistician who used census and vital registration data to describe mortality patterns. He emphasized the importance of social conditions in health outcomes.

Richard Doll & Bradford Hill

Conducted groundbreaking research in the 1950s linking cigarette smoking to lung cancer, establishing the use of cohort studies in epidemiology.

Jonas Salk

Developed the first effective polio vaccine, introduced in 1955. His work dramatically reduced polio incidence worldwide.

Nancy Milio

Introduced Milio’s Framework for Prevention in 1976, emphasizing policy and environmental determinants of health behavior.

Nola Pender

Developed the Health Promotion Model (1980s, revised in 1996), focusing on individual motivation and behavior-specific influences.

Dr. Lawrence Green

Co-developer of the PRECEDE–PROCEED Model, a widely used framework for planning and evaluating health programs.

Margaret Shetland

Defined the philosophy of Community Health Nursing as rooted in the worth and dignity of individuals.

Mary S. Gardner & Cobb/Jones Leahy

Articulated core principles of Community Health Nursing, emphasizing family-centered care and health teaching.

Department of Health (DOH)

The Philippines' principal health agency responsible for access to public health services and regulation of health providers.

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

Central statistical authority that collects, analyzes, and publishes demographic and health data.

National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)

Provides key indicators on fertility, mortality, and health service utilization.

Population Commission (POPCOM)

Tracks population trends and ageing indices; supports demographic planning.

Local Civil Registrar

Registers births, deaths, and marriages at the municipal or city level.

World Health Organization (WHO)

UN agency responsible for international public health; cited for outbreak reports and health definitions.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Defined Community Health Nursing as a synthesis of nursing and public health practice.

American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AAOHN)

Provided definition and scope for Occupational Health Nursing.

U.S. Public Health Service

Developed the Health Belief Model (HBM) in 1958.

Philippines Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)

Tracks infectious disease trends and outbreaks.

Epidemiology Bureau (DOH)

Monitors diseases like diphtheria, dengue, and polio.