Rocks and Minerals - Unit Test 2

What are the five characteristics of a mineral?

1. Solid - can’t be a liquid or gas

2. Made of atoms - has a definite chemical formula

3. Crystals

4. Naturally occurring - made by the earth; not man made

5. Inorganic - not living or doesn’t come from something living

What are Silicates?

• have the elements silicone and oxygen (Si - O)

• make up over 90% of Earth’s crust

What are Native Elements?

• they are all made of one type of element

• gold, silver, and copper and native elements

What are Carbonates?

• all contain carbonates (CO3)

• React to acid

What are Sulfates?

• all contain sulfur *(SO4)*

What are Sulfides?

• do not contain oxygen

• Contain sulfer

What are Halides?

• they all have the element halogen

• Halite/table salt is the most popular halide

What are Oxides?

• they all have the element oxygen

What are the five physical properties of a mineral?

1. Color - color the mineral appears to the naked eye

2. Streak - color of a mineral in it’s powder form

3. Luster - the way in which light reflects off a mineral’s surface

4. Breakage - the way in which a mineral sample tends to break

5. Hardness - a minerals resistance to being scratched

Cleavage vs. Fracture - what’s the difference?

Cleavage means you can determine how the rock will break; it brakes along smooth planes, while fracture means that you don’t no what shape of form a rock will become when it breaks

What are the three main types of rocks?

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metemorphic

What are rocks made of?

Minerals

What is diaphaneity? And what are the three types?

Diaphaneity - how light passes through a mineral

3 types

1. Transparent - can see through it

2. Translucent - some light passes through

3. Opaque - no light can pass through

Describe the rock cycle starting with magma.

1. Magma cools which forms an igneous rock

2. Igneous rock weather and erode creating sediments

3. The sediments are then compacted creating sedimentary rocks

4. Then the sedimentary rocks are mixed with extreme heat and pressure and form metamorphic rocks

5. Lastly the metamorphic rocks melt forming magma

What is a rock?

A rock is a mixture of minerals and sometimes organic material

If an element is bonded it is considered a…

Compound

How are igneous rocks formed?

By the solidification and cooling of magma or lava

What are the two types of Igneous rocks?

Intrusive and Extrusive

What is an intrusive igneous rock?

An intrusive rock cools very slowly under Earth’s surface, and has large crystals and minerals

What is an extrusive igneous rock?

An extrusive rock cools quickly above the Earth’s surface, has small or no visible crystals, and may be vesicular(contains air bubbles)

What is a porphyry rock?

It is an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock - it starts cooling under earth’s crust and then finishes cooling outside. This causes it to have large and small crystals

How are Igneous Rocks classified?

By their composition; what they are made of

How Sedimentary Rocks formed?

From the compacting and cementing of sediments

What are the two types of Sedimentary Rocks?

Clastic and Non-Clastic

How are Sedimentary Rocks classified?

By their clast size

What are the six clast sizes? (Largest to Smallest)

Boulder, Cobble, Pebble, Sand, Silt, Clay

What are the two specific types of Non-Clastic Crystalline rocks?

Precipitates and Evaporites

What are Precipitates?

Pulls substances out of the water

What are Evaporites?

Made because of an evaporation; pulls the water away from the substance

How are Metamorphic Rocks formed?

By the exposure to intense heat and pressure

How are Metamorphic Rocks classified?

Foliated or non-foliated

What is contact metamorphism deal with?

Extreme heat

What is regional metamorphism deal with?

Extreme pressure

What does foliated mean?

Has layers

What does non-foliated mean?

Does not have layers

What is the difference between coefficients and subscripts?

Coefficients deal with molecules and subscripts deal with atoms