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medium
matter through which material travels
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Cohesion
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
capillary action
tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
aqueous solution
a solution in which water is the solvent
buoyancy
Ability to float
Viscosity
A liquid's resistance to flowing, thickness
non-polar molecule
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
thermal conductivity
The ability of an object to transfer heat
specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius
Extraplanetary
Originating, or located outside of a planet
Asteroids
rocky metallic objects that orbit the sun but are too small to be considered planets
D/H ratio
D/H ratio Ratio between deuterium (heavy hydrogen, 2H) and hydrogen (1H) in natural waters and other fluids, and in water combined in hydrous minerals. This ratio yields information about the origin and geologic history of the fluid, and about fluid/rock interactions.
extraterrestrial life
life that originates outside Earth
hydrophobic interactions
a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water
physical properties
A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
aquatic habitats
Oceans, seas, lakes, marshes and rivers
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
carbon atoms
can form single, double & triple bonds;these organic compounds can have different shapes/patterns
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Monomer
small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
electron in outer shell
the valence electrons in this shell determine the chemical properties of that atom/element.
Methane
CH4
Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
condensation reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to release water
Hydrolysis reaction
breaking down molecules by adding H2O
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose (single sugars)
Disaccharides are
sucrose, lactose, maltose (double sugars)
Polysacharides
polymers of monosaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Fructose
a hexose sugar found especially in honey and fruit.
Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
Glycoproteins for cell recognition
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.
ABO glycoproteins
found in red blood cells, blood proteins
Hydrophobic molecules
Water fearing (attraction to non-polar substances)
hydrophillic molecules
"water loving" , dissolve easily in water, ex: sugar, salt
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes, amphipathic
amphipathic molecules
containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
saturated fats
fats that are solid at room temperature, margarine and butter
unsaturated fats
A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
fatty acids and glycerol
Building Blocks of Lipids
Monounsaturated
one double bond
polyunsaturated
more than one double bond
branched chain
A type of molecular chains that form a fork or branch out in different directions. Usually found in lipids
cis fatty acids
Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond
trans fatty acids
a kind of fat formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil during processing (not good for you)
adipose tissue
Tissue that stores fat., thermal insulation, energy storage
Steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
types of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids
Water as a medium for life
Water is essential for life as it provides a solvent for biochemical reactions, regulates temperature, and facilitates the transport of nutrients and waste in organisms.
Transport of Substances
The movement of molecules, such as nutrients and waste, across cell membranes or within organisms.
Thermal Insulation
The ability of a material, such as fat, to reduce heat transfer.
Comets
Celestial bodies composed of ice, dust, and rock that release gas and dust when they approach the sun.
Chemical properties of Carbon
Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds, allowing for the formation of diverse organic molecules.
Ethanol
An alcohol (C₂H₅OH) used as a solvent, fuel, and in beverages.
Adenine
A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, part of the genetic code.
Linoleic Acid
An essential polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Cholesterol
A lipid molecule essential for cell membrane structure and hormone synthesis.
Amylose
A linear component of starch.
Amylopectin
A branched component of starch.
Energy Storage Compounds
Molecules like glycogen and starch that store energy.
Palmitic Acid
A saturated fatty acid common in animal and plant fats.
Palmitoleic Acid
A monounsaturated fatty acid.
Oils
Liquid fats that are typically unsaturated at room temperature.
Testosterone
A steroid hormone involved in male sexual development.
Oestradiol
A steroid hormone involved in female sexual development.
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