apush unit1

all unit 1

aristocratic

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a social class of people who hold hereditary titles or belong to the nobility. It can also describe a person or behavior that is characteristic of this class, such as being refined, elegant, or exclusive.

astrolabe

A navigational tool used to determine latitude and time by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies.

atlantic world

refers to the interconnectedness of Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the Age of Exploration. It involved the exchange of goods, people, and ideas across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the development of new cultures and economies.

aztecs

Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the 14th to 16th centuries. They were known for their advanced agricultural practices, impressive architecture, and complex social and political systems. The Aztecs also had a rich mythology and religious beliefs, which included human sacrifice. Their empire was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century.

capitalism

an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own and operate the means of production and distribution of goods and services. It is characterized by a free market, competition, and the pursuit of profit.

caravel

a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship that was developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese. It was used primarily for exploration and trade, and was instrumental in the Age of Discovery. The caravel was designed to be fast and agile, with a shallow draft that allowed it to navigate in shallow waters. It was also equipped with triangular sails that allowed it to sail against the wind, making it highly versatile. The caravel played a key role in the exploration of the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and was used by famous explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama.

columbian exchange

refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) in the 15th and 16th centuries, following Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Caribbean in 1492. This exchange had a profound impact on the world, leading to the introduction of new crops, such as potatoes and tomatoes, to Europe, and the spread of diseases, such as smallpox, to the Americas.

conquistador

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Group of Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered and colonized parts of the Americas in the 16th century.

encomienda

a labor system used by the Spanish in colonial America. It allowed Spanish colonizers to essentially enslave indigenous people and force them to work in mines, fields, and other industries. In exchange, the Spanish were supposed to protect and care for the indigenous people, but in reality, they often treated them brutally. eventually abolished in the 18th century due to widespread abuse and mistreatment of indigenous people.

fuedalism

A political and economic system in Medieval Europe where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service.

franciscan

A __________ is a member of a religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi, who lived a life of poverty, humility, and service to others.

horticulture

the science and art of cultivating plants. It includes the study of plant physiology, genetics, breeding, propagation, and management. work to improve plant growth, yield, quality, nutritional value, and resistance to pests and diseases. an important field for food production, landscaping, and environmental conservation. Some common practices include pruning, fertilizing, irrigation, and pest control.

incas

a civilization that flourished in the Andean region of South America from the 13th to the 16th century. They were known for their impressive architecture, including Machu Picchu, and their advanced agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming. They also had a complex social and political system, with a ruler known as the Sapa Inca at the top. They spoke the Quechua language and used a system of knotted strings called quipus for record-keeping.

inquisition

A judicial institution established in the Middle Ages by the Catholic Church to combat heresy. It was characterized by the use of torture and imprisonment to force confessions from suspects.

the maya

a civilization that flourished in parts of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras from about 2000 BC until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. They are known for their impressive architecture, including towering pyramids and intricate palaces, as well as their advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and writing. They also had a complex social and political system, with powerful city-states ruled by kings and a sophisticated calendar system.

missionaries

To spread religious beliefs and teachings to people who may not have been exposed to them or who may have different beliefs.

mission system

system established by the spanish in 1573 in which missionaries, rather than soldiers directed all new settlements in America

pueblo tribe

american indian people who lived in present-day new mexico and Arizona and built permanent multi-story adobe dwellings

renaissance

the cultural and intellectual flowering that began in 15th century italy and then spread north throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries. During this time, european rulers pushed for greater political unification of their states.

requerimiento

King ferdinan and queen Isabellas legal document written as the basis of interactions with native americans in 1513

spanish caste system

a system developed by the spanish in the 16th century that defined the status of diverse populations based on a racial hierarchy.