unit 2 corrections

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of births per 1,000 people per year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

CBR − CDR = population growth rate (does not include migration).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person can expect to live.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of dependents (under 15 and over 64) to working-age population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Explains population growth change through 5 stages.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

Tracks main causes of death at different stages of development.

Population Pyramid

Graph showing age and gender distribution of a population.

DTM Stage 1

High birth & death rates; low growth (pre-industrial).

DTM Stage 2

High birth rate, falling death rate; rapid growth (Niger, Yemen).

DTM Stage 3

Falling birth & death rates; moderate growth (Mexico, India).

DTM Stage 4

Low birth & death rates; stable population (U.S., France).

DTM Stage 5

Very low birth, low death; negative growth (Japan, Germany).

Thomas Malthus theory

Population grows faster than food supply; leads to famine and conflict.

Neo-Malthusians

Believe population growth still threatens sustainability.

Anti-Malthusians

Believe technology and innovation can support larger populations.

Push factor

Reason people leave a place (war, famine, lack of jobs).

Pull factor

Reason people move to a place (safety, better economy, education).

Forced migration

People have no choice but to move (conflict, slavery).

Voluntary migration

People move by choice for opportunity.

Refugee

Person forced to flee country due to conflict or persecution.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Person forced to move within their own country.

Chain migration

Migrating to a place where family/friends have already settled.

Internal migration

Movement within the same country (rural → urban).

International migration

Movement across country borders.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

Most migrants move short distance; long-distance migrants go to economic centers; most are young adults.

Gravity Model

Migration interaction = proportional to population ÷ distance².

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition

Migration patterns follow stages of the DTM.

Population density

Number of people living per unit of land area.

Physiological density

People per unit of arable (farmable) land.

Arithmetic density

Total population ÷ total land area.

Agricultural density

Farmers ÷ arable land area.

Pro-natalist policy

Encourages more births (ex: tax breaks, childcare).

Anti-natalist policy

Limits births (ex: China’s One-Child Policy).

Aging population consequence

Labor shortage, increased healthcare cost.

Fertility rate decline reason

Higher education and economic opportunities for women.

Stage 5 challenge

Shrinking labor force, high dependency ratio.

FRQ: Fertility rates fall as countries develop

Women’s education and access to contraception increase.

FRQ: Effect of an aging population

Labor shortage and high healthcare costs.

FRQ: Push and pull factor

Push: war; Pull: jobs.

FRQ: Refugees vs IDPs

Refugees cross borders; IDPs stay within their own country.