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Isolationism
A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations
America's stance post WWI
Electrification
What new development took over 60% of American households?
1920 Recession
What caused Washington to cancel wartime dense contracts?
Caused veterans to reenter the job market
Farmers
Who suffered during the time of perceived economic prosperity?
Change
What = fear for postwar America?
Killed the progressive movement
Automobiles
Advancing mode of transportation that took over the nation like a wildfire
Louis Chevrolet
Founded Chevrolet with Billy Durant
Was named after him
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
"Peace, Land, and Bread"
What did Lenin promised to gain support from the people in Russia?
Bolshevik Revolution
1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I
Reds
Communist Lenin's supporters
Whites
Anti-communists Lenin's enemies
European
Whose agricultural trade revived after WWI causing American farmers to lose a major trade source?
Red Scare (1919-1920)
Brief period of mass anti-communist paranoia in the U.S., during which a number of legislatures passed anti-red statutes that often violated the right to free speech
Fear among noncitizens in general as a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and main motivator of "higher wages and lower hours"
North
Generally had the higher wages out of the nation's hemispheres
Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco
Italian immigrants and known anarchists who were arrested and executed by electrocution for robbery and murder robbery of a guard and paymaster.
Because of their beliefs, they didn't receive a fair trial (had represented the American societies fear)
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)
This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. Prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. Also caused foreign countries to retaliate against the US by raising their tariffs
Tariff raised to 38.5% and kept rising
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
The highest U.S. tariff rates in 100 years. The high rates led to a tariff war with other nations that worsened the international depression and cut American exports and imports by more than half.
Tariff designed during the Great Depression
Assembly Line Production
Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.
Workers had one position they specialized in. Did only that assignment
Boosted production by 40%
Fordism
System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford
nickname of Assembly line production on a worldwide platform
"Fordization of the face"
The expressionless mask of the workers was called...
workers in the 1920s were discouraged in individual initiative as well as conversation and laughter
Corporations
a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law
controlled nearly half the nation's business
Billy Sunday
Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910
Limited total immigrants allowed to come from outside the western hemisphere to 350,000
Immigration Act (1924)
This law restricted immigration to 2% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1890
Limited total immigrants allowed to come from outside the western hemisphere to 164,000
Also called the National Origins Act
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Race Riots
Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to ________ _______ in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.
Freedom of Choice
Buying more and more products was seen as...
Pursuit of Happiness
Since it was stated in the Declaration of independence, it was advertised as the duty of all good citizens
Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong
Most famous jazz performers of the Harlem Renaissance
Records / Phonograph
Mass production allowed the production of these two products, impacted the influence of music
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927 for fraud
Jamaica
Where was Marcus Garvey deported after being convicted for fraud?
Flagpole Sitting
A fad of the 1920s where people would perch on top of flagpoles for hours
Shipwreck Kelly
Famous flagpole sitter who sat on a flagpole for 49 days straight
49
How many days did flagpole Kelly sit on a flagpole
Welfare Capitalism
An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high
Anti-union strategy
Miss America Contest (Pageant)
Contest held in Atlantic City (1921)
Margret Gorman
Winner of the first Miss America, also the most beautiful bathing girl in America. Changed the role of women and represented their leisureliness.
Charles Lindbergh
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
Aviator who flew a non-stop New York to Paris flight in 1927 for a $25,000 reward
$25,000
Reward for an aviator who could fly a non-stop route from New York to Paris
6-inch laws
Laws when dancing with the opposite sex where the couple must stay 6 inches apart
Republicans
Controlled the Congress and White House (1920s)
white-collar worker
someone who works in a professional or clerical job and who usually earns a weekly salary
blue-collar worker
Someone who performs manual labor, often in a manufacturing job, and who earns an hourly wage.
Warren G. Harding
Republican nominee in 1920
James Cox
Democratic presidential candidate in the 1920 election
Henry C. Wallace
Secretary of Agriculture under Harding
Charles Evans Hughes
Secretary of State under Harding
1916 presidential nominee
Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Secretary of Commerce under Harding
Harry Daugherty (Traitor)
Attorney General under Harding
Accepted bribes to decide Justice Department cases
Committed suicide when convicted of influence peddling
Jesse Smith
Daugherty's assistant who committed suicide/was murdered when Daughterty's schemes were found out
Albert Hall (Traitor)
Secretary of the Interior
Went to jail for leasing government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming in return for a $400,000 bribe, which never materialized
Charles Forbes (Traitor)
Head of the Veterans Bureau
Caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals
Fled to Europe and mailed back his resignation letter
Charles Cramer
legal advisor to the Veteran's Bureau was also exposed for taking bribes, he too committed suicide.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
San Francisco Hotel
Where did Warren Harding die?
Died during term from a heart attack / pneumonia while on vacation
Flapper
Young woman from the 1920s who defied traditional rules of conduct and dress but knew when to draw the line
Vamp
Young woman from the 1920s who defied traditional rules of conduct and dress but didn't know when to stop
Cult of Domesticity
Idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
installment plan
A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid
Electricity
Replaced coal for energy
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died of pneumonia.
He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.
Talkies
Movies with sound
Silent Cal
Calvin Coolidge's nickname
William Howard Taft
Appointed Supreme Court Chief Justice under Harding
27th president of the U.S
Mississippi River Flood
Destroyed land, spread disease, devastated and even killed thousands, and spread over 5 states.
Coolidge did not put much effort into relief and was greatly criticized for it (He believed the government shouldn't interfere)
KDKA Pittsburgh
One of the first radio stations to pioneer in commercial radio broadcasting in 1920. Broadcasted the Harding-Cox presidential election returns on November 2, 1920
Soap Operas
Shows/radio broadcast that were nicknamed this because they were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps to target women consumers
Flood Control Act (1928)
Amended 1969; regulated building in flood zones; flood insurance
McNary-Haugen Bill
Price support plan where the gov would purchase the surplus of 6 basic farm commodities at their average price in 1909-1914. Then the gov would sell the surpluses abroad at market prices and recover the difference through tax on domestic sales of these commodities
Coolidge vetoed the bill twice
Model T
A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car
Burma Shave
Company whose signs staked around America with stories and slogans
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
John T. Scopes
An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution
His trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist and placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America
Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)
Trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
Promised to defend any teacher who violated that law that said they couldn't teach evolution
Clarance Darrow
Defended John Scopes in the "Scopes Trial" of the 1920s; supported teaching of evoulution
William Jennings Bryan
Prosecutor in the Scopes Trial
advocated for creation
Federal Radio Commission
Formed by the Radio Act of 1927, the commission, the precursor to the FCC, created a policy that favored fewer high-power radio broadcasting stations rather than more numerous low-power stations
John W. Davis
Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge
He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company
Coolidge easily defeated Davis.
Birth of a Nation
Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
St. Valentine's Massacre
February 14, 1929. Capone's men dressed up as policemen and killed 7 rival gang members.
Al Capone
A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits
His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny
Who did Albert Fall lease oil to during Harding's presidency?
Albert Fall
first Cabinet official to be sent to prison
Poker
The game Harding played with his friends at the White House
Duchess
Florence's (Harding's wife) nickname
Ozawa v. United States
Concerned a Federal Law which said that Chinese aliens could not become naturalized citizens -- the court held that the statute was valid for Japanese as well, even though not mentioned in the law, the court felt that the intent of the law was to limit citizenship by naturalization to those of the Caucasian race only.
Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
meeting held in 1921 and 1922 where world leaders agreed to limit construction of warships
5 (America), 5 (Britian), 3 (Japan), 1.5 (France), 1.5 (Italy)
Four Power Treaty
Allowed Japan to fortify Pacific possessions
Was extremely costly and long
Nine-Power Treaty
Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.
American Black Chamber
Mission was to break the communications of other nations
State department withdrew funding later when Secretary of State Henry L Stimson stated "Gentlemen don't read each other's mail"
Herbert O. Yardley
Headed the American Black Chamber
Later wrote "The American Black Chamber" alerting 19 nations that their codes were broken by America
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