APUSH Chapter 5-8 Test

in timeline order. prolly other terms to know would be: social contract, republicanism. if more studying needed, watch a heimlers history vid for apush unit 3

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Heavily influenced revolutionary ideas (ex: John Locke's natural rights [life, liberty, and property] were implemented in the Declaration of Independence)

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

A sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. promoted egalitarianism. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

The name for the North American theater of the Seven Years War & was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley & to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements.
*Historical Significance:*
Colonists gained pride in their own military strength, felt more disconnected from Britain, & were left without fear of French a invasion.

Albany congress (1754)

British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, NY, to provide for an intercolonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes.
Set a precedent for other revolutionary meetings.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany congress that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown, shows the disunity of the colonies at the time

COLONIES REASONS FOR REJECTION: Southern states don’t want to participate in Northern wars, British should be responsible for colonies protection

BRITISH CROWN'S REASONS FOR REJECTION: colonies make their own laws, can protect themselves, and have a right to declare war

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Paxton Boys (1763-1764)

Formed in 1763.
Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans in 1764

Sugar Act of 1764

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown (since Britain was in a lot of debt from the French and Indian War). The tax was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Colonists developed the principle of “no taxation without representation” that questioned Parliament’s authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Stamp Act Congress (October 1765)

Delegates of seven colonies met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements (boycotts against British goods)

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Townshend Acts of 1766

Tax on tea, glass, and paper.
The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea.

Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Unhappy with the taxes Parliament imposed on the colonies, colonists in Boston gathered in a crowd and began taunting British soldiers and throwing snowballs. As a result, British soldiers fired into the crowd killing five people and wounding six people.

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

Created by Samuel Adams.
Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to coordinate colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party (1773)

American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

Intolerable (coercive) Acts of 1774

A consequence of the Boston Tea Party.
These acts closed the port of Boston (Boston Port Act), sent troops and the British Navy to stop trade from Boston and ended town meetings, the Crown also took control of the government of Massachusetts (Massachusetts Government Act).
Quartering Act of 1774 (british soldiers can stay anywhere now)

Quebec Act (1774)

Mistakenly perceived as a part of the Intolerable Acts by the colonists.

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens.
*Historical Significance:*
Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts, demanding the rights of Englishmen (no desire to separate from England yet)

adopted the *Declaration of Rights and Resolves* in which they:
- Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void.
- Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed.
- Recommended a complete boycott of British imports (called the Association)

Battle of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)

First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

A convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition, moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

Olive Branch Petition (July 5 1775)

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Second Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) -July 17, 1775

Fought on Breed's Hill, but was mistaken for the nearby Bunker Hill

Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed’s Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia’s retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British. Showed that the Continental Army had potential.

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine (Jan 1776)

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

"Remember the Ladies" letter

WHEN: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams dated March 31, 1776

WHERE: Philadelphia

WHO: Abigail Adams, John Adams

WHAT: Abigail Adams writes to John Adams, who at the time is away with the other delegates at the council, the Continental Congress dealing with the American Revolution. She writes: "I long to hear..." Do not put such limits..." She urges her husband and other members within the Continental Congress to not forget about all of the nation's women while they are fighting for America's independence.

WHY: Women are not considered citizens, but rather are covered through the authority of their husbands, aka coverture. If husbands have absolute authority over their wives, they will abuse that absolute authority and power because power corrupts anyone who has it. The letter encouraged this unlimited power to not be placed into the hands of husbands along with the consideration of women within any new laws.

Declaration of Independence (July 1776)

The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought

ideal examples:
* natural rights: life, liberty, property. these rights are bestowed by god, not the government, so the government can never take them away.
* social contract: the power to govern is in the hands of the people. people give up some of their power so the government can protect their natural rights
* republicanism: representative government, separation of powers.

Battle of Trenton, December 26, 1776

Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River to surprise and defeat the Hessian defenders in Trenton, NJ on Christmas.

The Hessians were actually surprised by the Patriots! They surrendered in less than an hour, and the Patriots were able to take nearly 1,000 soldiers as prisoner.

Battle of Saratoga (October 1777)

Rebels defeated Burgoyne's army which marked the turning point of the war.
This convinced France and Spain to become allies by sending supplies, money, troops and warships.

Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)

George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Angered by taxes & debts after the Revolutionary War, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't for lower taxes and an end to property disclosures. Rebellion was quickly shut down, but leaders were scared of the potential of more rebellions.

(SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak, since the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt.)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and creation of statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery in that land

Constitutional Convention (May-Sep 1787)

The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia met between May and September of 1787 to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation.
It became clear that the Articles needed to be scrapped completely, thus leading to the creation of the Constitution.

Virginia Plan (1787)

Representation in bicameral Congress should be by state's total population
- favored by big states

New Jersery Plan (1787)

Representation in bicameral Congress should be equal, regardless of population
- favored by small states

Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise (1787)

Reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia Plans at the Constitutional Convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.
The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Three-fifths compromise (1787)

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to southern slave states.

United States Constitution (1787)

Constitutional Congress made a constitution after Articles of Confederation failed.

It included a central government divided into three branches (president, Senate, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court) and controlled by checks and balances. The Bill of Rights were ten amendments to the new constitution that guaranteed rights of freedom to citizens; made a national gov't that controlled taxes, army, trade, and currency.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution, wanted a strong central government, more organized than the anti-federalists (ex: John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote essays for the "Federalist Papers")

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution, did not want a strong central government without a Bill of Rights, less organized than the federalists

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense (1776)

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president of USA
-anti federalist

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." lawyer for soliders in Boston Massacre
-federalist

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799), leader in French-Indian war, federalist

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence, wanted to kill the rebels in Shays rebellion