Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1 pearson

Levels of organization

Chemical (atom & molecule), Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Anatomy

studies the structure of the body

Physiology

studies the function of the body parts

Cells

smallest unit of living things

Tissues

a group of similar cells that have a common function

Organ

structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

necessary life functions

1. maintaining boundaries

2. movement

3. responsiveness

4. growth

5. digestion

6. excretion reproduction

7. metabolism

The Integumentary System

Protects against environmental hazards; Controls temperature

Skin: (Cutaneous membrane)

Dermis

1. Nourishes epidermis

2. Provides strength

3. Contains glands

Skin: (Cutaneous membrane)

Epidermis

1. Covers surface

2. Protects deeper tissue

Hair Follicles:

1. Produce Hair

innervation (supply nerves to) provide sensation

Hair Follicles:

Hairs:

1. Produce hair

2. innervation provides sensation

3 Provides protection for the head

Hair Follicles:

Sebaceous gland

Secretes lipid coating that lubricated hair shaft & epidermis

Nails:

Protect and stiffen distal tips of digits

Sensory receptors

Provided sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

Subcutaneous Layer

Stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structure

Skeletal System

system composed of bones and joints, supports and protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

Bones, Cartilages, & Joints

Supports & protects soft tissue; bones store minerals

Axial Skeleton

Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, & soft tissues of thoracic cavity

supports body weight over lower limbs

(Skull, Sternum, ribs, vertebrae, Sacrum)

Appendicular Skeleton

Provides internal support & positioning of limbs

supports & moves the axial skeleton

(Pectoral gridle, Upper limb, & lower limb)

Muscular System

system composed of skeletal muscles and allows for movements and manipulation of the environment

nervous system

composed of spinal cord, brain and nerves. control system of the body and responds to changes by activating muscles and glands

endocrine system

Composed of glands that regulate the processes such as growth and reproduction.

cardiovascular system

composed of heart and blood vessels, transports blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste.

lymphatic system

composed of red bone marrow, nodes, spleen, vessles and thoracic duct, which disposes debris in the lymphatic stream.

respiratory system

composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larnx, trachea, broncus and lungs, keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2

digestive system

Composed of oral cavity, esophogus, liver, stomach, intestines and rectum. breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

urinary system

Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra, rids the body of acid-based wastes.

reproductive system

System that functions in producing offspring

homeostasis

the ability to maintain an internal balance even when outside world changes. dynamic state of equilibrium

receptor, control center, effector

3 main parts of homeostatic control

receptor

sensor that monitors changes and sends information in an afferent path to control center in negative feedback

control center

determines the set point in feedback, recieves from receptor and sends info efferently to effector

effector

responds to the feed back from the control center, shuts off or enhances stimulus

negative feed back

homeostatic control mechanism that shuts off original effect of stimuli or reduces intensity.

positive feedback mechanism

homeostatic control mechanism that enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerates

anatomical position

body standing errect with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

directional terms

explain where one body structure is in relation to another

axial parts

makes up main axis of body including head, neck and trunk

appendicular parts

consists of limbs

regional terms

terms used in anatomy that refer to certain areas of the body.

abdominal

trunk inferior to ribs

acromial

point of shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

Carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

coxal

hip

crural

leg

digital

fingers/toes

femoral

thigh

fibular

side of leg

frontal

forehead

inguinal

groin area

mammary

breast region

manus

hand

pelvic

pelvis region

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

palmar

palm

pateller

anterior knee

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

metatarsal

top of foot

calcaneal

heal

dorsal

back

gluteal

butt

lumbar

lower back

occipital

posterior head

olecranal

posterior elbow

otic

ear

popliteal

posterior knee

sacral

area between hips

sural

calf

vertebral

spine

scapular

shoulder blade region

superior

toward the head

inferior

toward the feet

anterior

toawrd front

posterior

toward the back

medial

toward the middle line

lateral

away from the mid line

intermediate

between medial and lateral

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

further from the trunk

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

away from the surface

median or midsagittal plane

plane dividing body into left and right (median plane)

frontal plane

divides body into posterior and anterior (coronal plane)

transverse (horizontal) plane

cross section, divdes body into inferior and superior

dorsal cavity

protects nervous system organs and contains cranial and vertebral cavity

thoracic cavity

cavity containing the heart and lungs

ventral body cavity

cavity containing the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities

umbilical region

center most region of abdomen

epigastic region

superior to umbilical region

hypogastric region

inferior to the ubilical region in the abdomen