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Contingent work
A job situation in which a worker does not have an explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment
Gig economy
Refers to a work environment in which temporary positions are common and organizations contract with independent workers for short-term engagements.
Intellectual property
Describes works of the mind that are distinct and owned or created by a single person or group. (Art, Music, Books)
Copyright
The exclusive right to distribute, display, perform, or reproduce an original work in copies, or to prepare derivative works based on the work.
Copyright infringement
A violation of the rights secured by the owner of a copyright.
Fair use doctrine
Allows portions of copyrighted materials to be used without permission
Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008
Increased trademark and copyright enforcement and substantially increased penalties for infringement
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Established minimum levels of protection that each government must provide to the intellectual property of all WTO members
Forms Of Intellectual Property
Copyright, Patent, Trade Secret
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998)
Implements the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
Patent
A grant of a property right issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor
Patent infringement
Unauthorized use of another’s patent
Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (2011)
Enacted a major change in patent law; changed U.S. patent system from a “first-to-invent” to a “first-inventor-to-file” system.
Software patent
Protects a feature, function, or process embodied in instructions executed on a computer.
Trade secret
Business information that has the following qualities.
Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA)
Established uniformity across the states in area of trade secret law.
Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996
Imposes penalties for the theft of trade secrets
Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016
Amended the EEA to create a federal civil remedy for trade secret misappropriation
Nondisclosure clause
Part of an employment contract that specifically prohibits an employee from revealing company secrets
Noncompete agreement
Part of an employment contract that prohibits an employee from working for any competitors for a period of time
Plagiarism
The act of stealing someone’s ideas or words and passing them off as one’s own.
Reverse engineering
The process of taking something apart in order to understand it, build a copy of it, or improve it.
Competitive intelligence
Legally obtained information gathered to help a company gain an advantage over rivals.
Cybersquatter
An individual or company that registers domain names for famous trademarks or company names to which they have no connection.
Trademark
A logo, package design, phrase, sound, or word that enables a consumer to differentiate one company’s products from another’s.
Intellectual property
Describes works of the mind that are distinct and owned or created by a single person or group.
Patent
A grant of property right issued by the USPTO that permits its owner to exclude the public from making, using, or selling a protected invention.
Open source code
Any program whose source code is made available for use or modification, as users or other developers see fit.
High-quality software systems
Easy to learn and use; perform quickly and efficiently, meet users’ needs; and operate safely and reliably, with minimal system downtime.
Software defect
Any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail to meet its users’ needs.
Software quality
The degree to which a software product meets the needs of its users
Quality management
Defining, measuring, and refining the quality of products and the development process
Business information system
A set of interrelated components that collects and processes data and disseminates the output
Decision support system (DSS)
Used to improve decision making
Product liability
The liability of manufacturers, sellers, lessors, and others for injuries caused by defective products.
Strict liability
The defendant is held responsible for injury, regardless of negligence or intent.
Contributory negligence
Plaintiffs’ own actions contributes to their injuries
Warranty
Assures buyers or lessees that a product meets certain standards of quality
Breach of warranty
Buyer or lessee can sue the seller or lessor if the product fails to meet the terms of its warranty.
Software development methodology
Standard, proven work process that enables controlled progress while developing high-quality software.
Waterfall system development model
A sequential, multistage system development process in which development of the next stage cannot begin until the results of the current stage are approved.
Agile development
A methodology under which a system is developed in iterations (often called sprints) lasting from one to four weeks.
Quality assurance (QA)
Methods within the development process designed to guarantee reliable operation of a product.
Dynamic testing
Entering test data and comparing the results with the expected results in a process.
Black-box testing
Views the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown
White-box testing
Treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are known.
Static testing
Software-testing technique in which software is tested without actually executing the code
Unit testing
Individual components of code (subroutines, modules, and programs) are tested.
Integration testing
Software units are combined into an integrated subsystem and tested to ensure the linkages among the various subsystems work.
System testing
Various subsystems are combined to test the entire system.
User acceptance testing
Trained end users conduct independent testing
CMMI models
Collections of best practices that help organizations improve processes
Best practice
A method that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means
CMMI-Development (CMMI-DEV)
Frequently used to assess and improve software development processes.
Safety-critical system
A system whose failure may cause injury or death
System safety engineer
Has responsibility for system’s safety; uses a logging and monitoring system to track hazards from a project’s start to its finish.
Reliability
A measure of the rate of failure in a system that would render it unusable over its expected lifetime.
Annualized rate of occurrence (ARO):
An estimate of the probability that this event will occur over the course of a year.
Single loss expectancy (SLE)
The estimated loss that would be incurred if the event happens.
Annualized loss expectancy
The estimated loss from this risk over the course of a year.
Risk management
The process of identifying, monitoring, and limiting risks to a level that an organization is willing to accept; the level of risk that remains after managing risk is called residual risk.
ISO 9001 family of standards
A set of standards that serves as a guide to quality products, services, and management; updated every five years.
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
A technique used to develop ISO 9001-compliant quality systems • Evaluates reliability and determines the effects of system and equipment failures.
Failure mode
Describes how a product or process could fail to perform the functions described by the customer.
Labor productivity
A measure of economic performance that compares the amount of goods and services produced (output) with the number of labor hours used in producing those goods and services.
Artificial intelligence
An interdisciplinary field in which experts ponder philosophical issues such as the nature of the human mind and the ethics of creating objects gifted with human-like intelligence.
Artificial intelligence systems
The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning, reasoning, and self-correction
Machine learning
A type of artificial intelligence (AI) involving computer programs that can learn and improve their performance with experience.
Robotics
A branch of engineering involving the development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devises that perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious/hazardous for humans.
Natural language processing
An aspect of artificial intelligence that involves technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate “natural” languages, such as English.
Electronic medical record (EMR)
A collection of health related information on an individual that is created and consulted by staff within a single healthcare organization
Electronic health record (EHR)
A comprehensive view of a patient’s complete medical history designed to be shared with providers from more than one organization
Personal health record (PHR)
Those portions of the EHR routinely shared with the patient, such as contact information, health provider information, medication history, and test results.
Health information exchange (HIE)
The process of sharing patient-level electronic health information between different organizations
Clinical decision support (CDS)
A process and set of tools designed to enhance healthcare-related decision making through the use of clinical knowledge and patient-specific information.
Telehealth
Employs electronic information processing and telecommunications
Telemedicine
Involves providing medical care to people at a location different from the healthcare providers.
Store-and-forward telemedicine
Involves acquiring data, images, and video from a patient and transmitting everything to a medical specialist for later evaluation.
Live telemedicine
Requires the presence of patients and healthcare providers at different sites at the same time; often involves a video conference link between two sites.
Remote monitoring (home monitoring)
Involves ongoing measurement of an individual’s vital signs, and the transmission of this data to a healthcare provider.
Social media
Web-based communication tools that enable people to interact in online communities where they can share ideas, messages, images, audio, and video.
Social networking platform
Creates an online community of Internet users that breaks down barriers created by time, distance, and cultural differences.
Social network marketing
The use of social networks to communicate and promote the benefits of products and services.
Cost per thousand impressions (CPM)
Billed at a flat rate per 1,000 impressions (a measure of the number of times an ad is displayed)—whether or not it was clicked
Cost per click
Billed on a per click basis; no charge when an ad is displayed but not clicked on
Earned media
Refers to the media exposure an organization gets through press and social media mentions, positive online ratings and reviews, tweets and retweets, and reposts (or “shares”).
Social shopping platforms
Combine two highly popular online activities—shopping and social networking.
Cyberabuse
Any form of mistreatment, both physical and mental, based on the use of an electronic communications device, that causes harm and distress to others
Cyberbullying
A form of cyberabuse in which the abusive behavior is humiliating, hurtful, intimidating, malicious, or otherwise offensive to an individual or group of individual and causes substantial emotional distress.
Cyberstalking
A form of cyberabuse that consists of a long-term pattern of unwanted, persistent pursuit and intrusive behavior that is directed by one person against another and that causes fear and distress in the victim
Independent contractor
An individual who provides services to another individual or organization according to terms defined in a written contract or within a verbal agreement.
H-1B visa
A temporary work visa granted by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for people who work in specialty occupations.
Outsourcing
A long-term business arrangement in which a company contracts for services with an outside organization with expertise in a specific function.
Offshore outsourcing
A form of outsourcing in which services are provided by an organization whose employees are in a foreign country.
Whistle-blowing
An effort to attract public attention to a negligent, illegal, unethical, abusive, or dangerous act by an organization.
False Claims Act
Established during the U.S. Civil War to combat fraud by companies that sold supplies to the Union Army.
Qui tam provision
Allows a private citizen to file a suit in the name of the U.S. government, charging fraud by government contractors.
Green computing
Concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT-related products, including laptops, smartphones.
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