bio midterm flashcards (weeks 1-4)

YUH

biology:

the study of life

atom:

• the smallest unit of matter

• the building block of all matter

molecules:

• atoms that are bonded together

• an association of two or more atoms

cell:

the smallest unit of life

organism:

• an individual

• consists of one or more cells

population:

group of individuals of a species in a given area

ecosystem:

a community interacting with its environment

biosphere:

all regions of Earth that hold life

what are the levels of organization in nature?

1. atoms

2. molecules

3. cells

4. tissues

5. organs

6. organ systems

7. organisms

8. populations

9. communities

10. ecosystems

11. biosphere

what 3 characterizes do all living things need to be considered living:

1. require ongoing inputs of ENERGY and RAW MATERIALS

2. sense and RESPOND to change

3. PASS DNA to offspring from generation to generation

energy:

the capacity to do work

nutrient:

substance that is necessary for survival that an organism cannot make itself

producers:

• make their own food using solar energy and raw materials

  • plants

consumers:

• obtain energy and nutrients by FEEDING on other organisms

• animals

homeostasis:

process by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within a range that favors survival by sensing and responding to change

growth:

increase in size, volume, and number of cells in multicelled species

development:

process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult

reproduction:

process by which individuals produce offspring

three things all organisms must do is _____

1. grow

2. develop

3. reproduce

dna:

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• the blueprint of the cell and the source of life’s diversity

• carries hereditary information that guides development and other activities

taxonomy:

• the practice of naming and classifying species

• organization scheme of life forms (like hierarchy in a company)

biodiversity:

scope of variation among living organisms

prokaryote:

does not have a nucleus

eukaryote:

has a nucleus

is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic

prokaryotic

what is the most numerous organisms on earth?

bacteria

what are 4 different types of eukaryotic organisms?

1. protists

2. fungi

3. plants

4. animals

protists:

the simplest eukaryotes with great diversity

fungi:

eukaryotic consumer that breaks down food externally

plant:

• producer

• usually a multicelled

• use photosynthesis

animal:

eukaryotic, multicelled consumer that ingests food of other organisms

species:

organisms which share the same characteristics and are capable of exchanging genes/producing offspring (specific: canis lupus familiaris)

genus:

a group of species that share a set of unique traits (general: canis)

the most reliable way to define and classify species:

dna sequence

what must be the same for animals to breed:

species

critical thinking:

deliberate process of judging the quality of information before accepting it

science:

systematic study of the observable world

pseudoscience:

beliefs, theories, or practices that have no scientific evidence

hypothesis:

testable explanation for a natural phenomenon, must be tested by an experiment

scientific method:

systematically making, testing, and evaluating a hypothesis

what are the steps to the scientific method:

1. observe some aspect of nature

2. form an hypothesis/ think of an explanation for your observation

3. test the hypothesis

   1. analyze the results of the test

4. decide if your results support your hypothesis

5. report your results to the scientific community

prediction:

statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct

model:

analogous system used for testing hypotheses

experiment:

test designated to support or falsify a prediction

variable:

characteristic that differs among individuals or over time

experimental group:

group of individuals who have certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment

control group:

group not exposed to the independent variable being tested

data:

test results from experiment/research

sampling error:

difference between results obtained as a subset, and results from a whole

probability:

the chance that a particular outcome will occur

statistically significant:

a result that is not likely to have occurred by chance alone

theories:

hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing

characteristics of theories:

• can be consistent with all that data ever gathered

• helps successful predictions about other phenomena

• can never be absolutely proven

• can be disproven by a single observation or result that is inconsistent with it

law of nature:

• phenomenon observed to occur in every circumstance without fail

• without complete scientific explanation

When both stages of photosynthesis have been completed, the energy of light ends up in which of the following?

Sugar molecules

Photosynthesis releases the oxygen we breathe from which molecule?

water

In photosynthesis, carbon atoms from carbon dioxide end up in which molecule?

sugar

What is the source of the inorganic carbon fixed by photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide

Which of the following occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?

The Calvin cycle

How does energy move between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

In the form of ATP and NADPH

In photosynthesis, what is the function of light-dependent reactions?

To transform light energy into chemical energy

A molecule that absorbs the energy in specific wavelengths of light is called which of the following?

A pigment

Light-dependent reactions store chemical energy in which of the following?

ATP and NADPH

What is the ultimate source of the electrons that are transferred during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

water

Excited electrons have ________ energy than non-excited electrons. Electrons in the photosystems of plants are excited by _______

• more

• light

In carbon fixation, what inorganic molecule is "fixed" to RuBP?

Carbon dioxide

What source of energy is used in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

The CO2 used in carbon fixation enters the plant through which of the following?

Stomata

How many carbon atoms make up RuBP?

5

What role does the enzyme RuBisCo play in the Calvin cycle?

Catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP

Which step of cellular respiration is responsible for making the most ATP molecules?

The electron transport chain

In fermentation, what molecule is converted to lactate (lactic acid)?

Pyruvate

What factor determines whether pyruvate is processed by cellular respiration or by fermentation?

Oxygen levels in the cells

Both cellular respiration and fermentation begin with______

• glycolysis

Where in the cell does fermentation take place? Select all that apply.

The thylakoid membrane

The mitochondrial matrix

The mitochondrial membrane

The cytosol

the cytosol

Which step of fermentation is responsible for the majority of ATP production?

Glycolysis

Which of the following compounds is NOT produced during glycolysis?

Glucose

________ of the ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration is produced via substrate-level phosphorylation.

some

Which of the following molecules carry electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transfer chain? Select all that apply.

Acetyl-CoA

NADH

Pyruvate

FADH₂

• NADH

• FADH₂

In a molecule of sugar, where is energy stored?

In high-energy electrons in molecular bonds

Energy removed from sugar molecules is transferred to the ETC by which of the following?

Electron carriers

Which stage of cellular respiration releases energy from electrons in slow, controlled steps?

The ETC

Which of the following are outputs of the aerobic respiration of sugar? Select all that apply.

Oxygen

ATP

Water

Heat

ATP

Water

Heat

Which of the following steps contribute electron carriers to oxidative phosphorylation? Select all that apply.

Pyruvate oxidation

Citric acid cycle

The electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Pyruvate oxidation

Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis

Potential energy in the form of ____________ is transformed into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.

an electrochemical gradient

3 organisms that go through photosynthesis

1. plants

2. algae (protists)

3. certain bacteria

chemical produced via photosynthesis is stored in the ______

BONDS OF SUGAR MOLECULES

organisms that generate their own organic matter from inorganic ingredients are called _______

autotrophs

light-absorbing organelles & are the site of photosynthesis are called ________

chloroplasts

the inner membrane of the chloroplast encloses a compartment filled with ______

is the fluid between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast

stroma

suspended in the stroma are interconnected membranous sacs called ________

thylakoids

each individual “pancake” is called a ________

thylakoid

the thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called _______

grana / granum

what are the two reactants needed for photosynthesis to occur?

1. carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. water (H2O)

what are the waste products in cellular respiration?

1. carbon dioxide (CO2)

2. water (H2O)

what is NADPH?

a molecule that acts as an electron donor/carrier.

the distance between the crests of two adjacent waves is called a ______

wavelength

the full range of radiation is called the _______

electromagnetic spectrum

photons of light ________ electrons in the chlorophyll

excite