Ch 2 The Muslim World Expands

Ghazis

Warriors for Islam

Osman

tribal leader who captured the Byzantine city of Bursa; the Ottoman Empire's name is derived from his

Ottomans

Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world.

Sultan

Muslim ruler

Timur the Lame

Conquerer from Samar-kand who burned Baghdad down and crushed Ottomans at Battle of Ankara

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

had a period of arts in his time with pottery, rugs, silk, other textiles, jewelry, and arms and armour being made 

Constantinople

The capital city of the Byzantine Empire. It was a great location for trade because it was located along major waterways (Bosporus Strait) and it was at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

Had a palace called Topkapi (iron gate)

• served as the private residence of the ruler and his family

Suleyman I

Ruler of the Ottomans also known as the Magnificent. The height of the Ottoman Empire was achieved under Suleyman. Reformed taxes, overhauled the government bureaucracy, also improved Court System (law giver).

believed in relious tolerence

had unique architectural designs

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Millets

Communitites within the Ottoman Empire where Christians & Jews were allowed to follow their own culture, religion and land.

The Mosque of Suleyman

Combines tall, slender minarets with large domed buildings in the style of the Hagia Sophia.

Cultural Blending

this interaction of two or more cultures produces new languages and new ideas in art religion and society

paintings in the Mogols included Indian and Persian styles 

The Safavid Empire

An empire that was a result of cultural blending. This empire drew from the traditions of Persians, Ottomans and Arabs

are Shias muslims

 it blended Persian, Turkish, and Mongol cultures

Isma'il

A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire. He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion.

first shah of the safavids 

Shah

The title given to kings who ruled Iran

shahs declared Shia Islam to be a state religion

very strong minded and could talk with people with great familiarity 

appointed people i government based on merit than birth.

played an active part in trade and manufacturing activity 

Shah Abbas

A Safavid king of Persia who centralized government, created a powerful military, encouraged the growth of industry and reduced taxes of farmers/herders

Golden Age of the Safavid Empire

The empire was able to establish a relationship with Christians and other members of the European community. They established trade, invited Chinese artists, and established a strong government.

Esfahan

Safavid capital built by Shah Abbas

the new capitial of Safavids.

Tabriz was the first one

Mughals

Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries; the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of their splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies.

Babur

Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; dies in 1530

captured Delhi

Akbar

Grandson of Babur only 14 when took the throne

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

adopted religious tolerence

Miniatures

Small individual Indian paintings intended to be held in the hand and viewed by one or two individuals at one time.

Sikhs

Nonviolent religious group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Mumtaz Mahal

The translation of her name means "the beloved ornament of the palace" and she was the inspiration behind the construction of the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal

A monument made by Shah Jahan for his wife who died during child birth

built in Agra in mid 17th century

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

the most controversial ruler

forbade gambling and drinking

added taxes on non-muslims

prohibited new indian buildings in trying to get more Muslims

didn’t believe in religious tolerence

Selim the Grim

Ottoman sultan who conquers the Safavids in 1514; he also conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo

Battle of Kosovo 1389

The ottomans defeated the Serbs in this

Sultan Selim I

took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia(the original heartland of Islam)

also took control of Jerusalem, Makkah (Mecca, Madinah (Medina)

Pashas

collected taxes, maintained law and order, responsible to the Sultan’s court in Constantinople (for the Ottoman empire)

Harem

private domain of the Sultan. The wifes of the Sultan remained here. He usually has 4 wifes. 

When the son of the mother become sultan the mother is now queen mother and is a major advisor to the throne

Grand vizier

chief minister who carried burdens of the state, led meetings of the concil.

Ottoman empire

divided into provinces and districts each governed by officals, assisted by beauaucrats who had been trained at the palace school for officals in Istanbul.

Senior officials

responsilbe for collecting taxes and supplying armies for the empire

Ulema

group of religious advisors

administered the legal system and schools for educating muslims.

Sinan

a person who built 81 mosques. 

One of his famous mosques was Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. 

Justinian

byzantine emperor during Mehmed II rule

Bospouros

a strait of Constapotle that divides the peninsula and links the black sea with the Mediterranean.

Tabriz

a major battle between the Safavids and Ottomans which the ottomans won but then later lost control of it and the Safavids gained it back

religious othodoxy

pressure to conform to traditional beliefs

was common in the Safavid empire

Riza-i-Abbasi

most famous artist of Shah Abbas’s peroid. created exquisite works of safvid paintings

Khyber Pass

a pass into India

Zamindars

local officials who get temporary farmland

kept a portion of the taxes payed by peasants in lieu of salary

mostly hindus

Jahangir

father of Shah jahan

wife is Nur jahan

liked governing until liking his wife where the wife was given power and she used it for the family

Deccan Plateau

Shah Jahan expanded boundrais of the empire though successful campaigns in the _______ and the city of Samarqand, north of Hindu Kush.

sutte

hindu custom where people cremate a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre

Aurangzeb believed this as an Indian social evil and tried to eliminate it entirely

Kolkata

British trading forts were established in this place along with Chennai.

Robert Clive

military genius of the British who fought agisnt the French who tried to take control of the forts in Chennai

significance of capturing Constantinople in 1453

It united Ottoman territories, controlled key trade routes, and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire

Why did these empires eventually decline

Weak leadership succession, loss of trade routes to Europeans, internal rebellions, and failure to modernize military technology