APUSH Unit 7 pt 2

How did some of the white populations attempt to halt the advancements of African Americans?

• North- The arrival of Southern migrants deepened existing racial tensions. Blacks competed with whites and immigrants for scarce housing and jobs.

• South- The number of lynchings rose and even the slightest retaliation led to torching houses and hunting down African Americans. Police and state authorities refused to intervene.

Labor unions during WW1

• The Democratic administration sympathetic to labor, temporarily increased the size and power of labor unions

• The National War Board instituted pro labor measures, including recognition of workers right to organize

• Workers’ expectations rose as the war brought higher wages and better work conditions

How did some of the white populations attempt to halt the advancements of African Americans?

• North- The arrival of Southern migrants deepened existing racial tensions. Blacks competed with whites and immigrants for scarce housing and jobs.

• South- The number of lynchings rose and even the slightest retaliation led to torching houses and hunting down African Americans. Police and state authorities refused to intervene.

Labor unions during WW1

• The Democratic administration sympathetic to labor, temporarily increased the size and power of labor unions

• The National War Board instituted pro labor measures, including recognition of workers right to organize

• Workers’ expectations rose as the war brought higher wages and better work conditions

Labor unions after WW1

• Employers cut wages and rooted out unions

• The head of the U.S. Steel Corporation refused to negotiate when 350,000 workers went on strike, demanding union recognition and an end to 12 hour shifts but he instead hired Mexicans and African Americans

• In Coronado Coal Company vs United Mine Workers, the Court ruled that a striking union could be penalized for disrupting trade

Welfare Capitalism

A system of labor relations that stressed management’s responsibility for employee’s well-being.

• Henry Ford pioneered this system before WW1, paying $5 a day but cut it back due to new financial pressures in the 1920s

Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution led to the overthrow of the Tsar and the rise of the Bolsheviks, who established a communist government under Vladimir Lenin.

• The U.S. opposed the revolution and supported the anti-Bolshevik forces because they feared the spread of communism

How did the Russian Revolution help bring about the Red Scare in America?

The Red Scare was a period of intense fear of communism in the U.S.

• Americans were worried that communists would try to overthrow the U.S. government which led to widespread paranoia, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals.

• Labor strikes and anarchist bombings increased fears that communism was spreading

A. Mitchell Palmer

A bomb detonated outside the Washington town house of recently appointed attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

• Palmer wed the incident to fan public fears, precipitating a hysterical Red Scare.

• His anti radicalism division in the Justice Department (later the FBI) stormed the headquarters of radical organizations and captured thousands of aliens who committed no crimes, but held anarchist/revolutionary beliefs.

Palmer Raids

Federal agents invaded homes and meeting halls, arresting citizens and aliens as well as denying them access to legal counsel.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

At the height of the Red Scare, police arrested Sacco and Vanzetti for the murder of two men during a robbery of a shoe company.

• They were Italian immigrants and self proclaimed anarchists who had evaded the draft

• They were denied a trial and were sentenced to death

• This case was clearly biased by the prosecutors’ emphasis on their ties to radical groups

The Election of 1920

• Democrats nominated Ohio governor James M. Cox on a platform calling for U.S. participation in the League of Nations and continuation of Wilson’s progressivism.

• However, Warren G. Harding won in a landslide. His slogan, “Return to Normalcy” promised a return to pre war life, emphasizing peace, and avoiding foreign conflicts.

Warren G. Harding

• His worst scandal concerned secret leasing of government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California, to private companies.

• Vice President Calvin Coolidge became president upon Harding’s heart attack.

• He also won the Election of 1924, calling for limited government and tax cuts for businesses.

1920s examples of government-business cooperation/corruption

• The Federal Trade Commission failed to enforce antitrust laws

• The Supreme Court, now headed by Taft, refused to break up the U.S. Steel Corporation, despite evidence of its near monopoly status.

• President Coolidge vetoed bills that aided farmers

How did 1920’s Republicans damage the progress made during the Progressive Era?

• Republicans weakened Progressive reforms by limiting government regulation of businesses, failing to enforce antitrust laws, and cutting taxes for the wealthy.

• Presidents like Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover favored laissez-faire and high favored big corporations over labor rights looking to return to a pro-business approach

18th Amendment

Prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors”.

• It failed due to people ignoring the law and flocking to urban speakeasies

Scopes Trial

y

Nativism

Native-born Protestants pointed to immigration as the primary cause of what they saw as America’s moral decline.

National Origins Act of 1924

A U.S. law that severely restricted immigration by establishing strict quotas based on nationality. It limited the number of immigrants allowed into the U.S. to 2% of each nationality’s population in the U.S. as recorded in the 1890 census which discriminated against Southern and Eastern Europeans, Asians, and other groups.

• The law completely barred immigration from Asia

How did the KKK revive in the 1920s?

It received due to nativism, racism, and fears over immigration.

• Unlike its original post-Civil War version, the 1920s Klan targeted not just Black Americans but also Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.

• The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation glorified the KKK, helping its resurgence.

Election of 1928

• Herbert Hoover won by embodying the technological promise of the modern age. He promised that individualism and voluntary cooperation would banish poverty.

• Major issues during the campaign included Prohibition, with Hoover supporting it and Smith opposing it.