Lab Practical 2

ELISA

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

what do antigens cause your body to generate

antibodies

antibodies are made by the

immune system to fight off invaders

what does ELISA test for

antibodies in your system

serum

liquid portion of your blood that does not contain anticoagulant, blood cells, or clotting factors

which are antibodies

in your serum

what can ELISA test for

lupus or covid

what’s going on when you have a positive test but you are not sick

you may have been exposed to the virus and your body mounted an attack without symptoms

positive control

contains antigen or antibody

negative control

lacks factor that would give positive results

how to determine how severe the ELISA test is

dilute and retest samples

what temperature do you incubate samples for ELISA test

37 degrees centigrade, 98.6 farenheit

path of air in the respiratory system

nose(air filtered and warmed in nasal conchae) > nasopharynx > oropharynx > epiglottis(keeps food out of lungs) > glottis(part of pharynx that contains larynx) > trachea(splits into right and left bronchus aka bronchi)

pharynx

throat

larynx

voice box

bronchi

trunk is trachea, bronchi are main branches, bronchioles are terminal branches

bronchioles

where alveoli are - where gas exchange occurs, 400 million, right lung: 3 lobes, left lung: 2 lobes

diaphragm

primary muscle of respiration

tidal volume

calm breathing, 460-500 ml

IRV

inspiratory reserve volume, 3000 ml

ERV

expiratory reserve volume, 2000 ml

reserve volume

air that wont come out - still retains shape

vital capacity

TV+IRV+ERV

how to test vital capacity

wet spirometer

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

what does COPD include

harder to breathe out - asthma, bronchitis emphysema (smoking)

restrictive disease

inspiratory and expiratory issues

throat model superior to inferior

hyoid > thyroid cartilage > cricoid cartilage > trachea - the back has artyrnoid cartilages vocal cords: brown leather part

digestive system mouth to anus

mouth > oropharynx > esophagus > stomach > duodenum > jejunum > illeum > cecum > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > anus

male fetal pigs

have a scrotum

mechanical digestion

teeth: masticate food

muscular stomach walls: contract to help coat your stomach with chemicals of digestion

chemicals include

proteins that are enzymes

enzymes

break down complex molecules like starch into sugars

amylase: present in spit and produces by pancreas

indicator for starch

iodine - turns black

indicator of sugar

benedicts solution - turns orange when heated

if you add amylase (spit) to starch what happens

it starts to break down the starch into sugar

most samples were

positive for starch and sugar

urinalysis

pH should be slightly acidic 6-6.5

should glucose be in urine

NO - if the pancreas is not producing enough insulin, glucose spills over into urine

positive urinalysis for glucose can indicate

diabetes

should bilirubin be in urine

NO - this indicates liver dysfunction

bilirubin cycle

recycling of blood cells by the body

protein

a small amount can be normal nit large amounts can indicate kidney disease

should leukocytes be present in urine

NO - indicate infection of kidney or bladder

should there be blood in the urine

NO

path of urine formation

glomerulus > Bowmans capsule > renal tubule > renal pelvis > ureter(2)

functional unit of the kidney

nephron: where bowmans capsule is (houses glomerulus)

what are the wrinkles in the stomach called

gastric folds