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ELISA
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
what do antigens cause your body to generate
antibodies
antibodies are made by the
immune system to fight off invaders
what does ELISA test for
antibodies in your system
serum
liquid portion of your blood that does not contain anticoagulant, blood cells, or clotting factors
which are antibodies
in your serum
what can ELISA test for
lupus or covid
what’s going on when you have a positive test but you are not sick
you may have been exposed to the virus and your body mounted an attack without symptoms
positive control
contains antigen or antibody
negative control
lacks factor that would give positive results
how to determine how severe the ELISA test is
dilute and retest samples
what temperature do you incubate samples for ELISA test
37 degrees centigrade, 98.6 farenheit
path of air in the respiratory system
nose(air filtered and warmed in nasal conchae) > nasopharynx > oropharynx > epiglottis(keeps food out of lungs) > glottis(part of pharynx that contains larynx) > trachea(splits into right and left bronchus aka bronchi)
pharynx
throat
larynx
voice box
bronchi
trunk is trachea, bronchi are main branches, bronchioles are terminal branches
bronchioles
where alveoli are - where gas exchange occurs, 400 million, right lung: 3 lobes, left lung: 2 lobes
diaphragm
primary muscle of respiration
tidal volume
calm breathing, 460-500 ml
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume, 3000 ml
ERV
expiratory reserve volume, 2000 ml
reserve volume
air that wont come out - still retains shape
vital capacity
TV+IRV+ERV
how to test vital capacity
wet spirometer
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
what does COPD include
harder to breathe out - asthma, bronchitis emphysema (smoking)
restrictive disease
inspiratory and expiratory issues
throat model superior to inferior
hyoid > thyroid cartilage > cricoid cartilage > trachea - the back has artyrnoid cartilages vocal cords: brown leather part
digestive system mouth to anus
mouth > oropharynx > esophagus > stomach > duodenum > jejunum > illeum > cecum > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > anus
male fetal pigs
have a scrotum
mechanical digestion
teeth: masticate food
muscular stomach walls: contract to help coat your stomach with chemicals of digestion
chemicals include
proteins that are enzymes
enzymes
break down complex molecules like starch into sugars
amylase: present in spit and produces by pancreas
indicator for starch
iodine - turns black
indicator of sugar
benedicts solution - turns orange when heated
if you add amylase (spit) to starch what happens
it starts to break down the starch into sugar
most samples were
positive for starch and sugar
urinalysis
pH should be slightly acidic 6-6.5
should glucose be in urine
NO - if the pancreas is not producing enough insulin, glucose spills over into urine
positive urinalysis for glucose can indicate
diabetes
should bilirubin be in urine
NO - this indicates liver dysfunction
bilirubin cycle
recycling of blood cells by the body
protein
a small amount can be normal nit large amounts can indicate kidney disease
should leukocytes be present in urine
NO - indicate infection of kidney or bladder
should there be blood in the urine
NO
path of urine formation
glomerulus > Bowmans capsule > renal tubule > renal pelvis > ureter(2)
functional unit of the kidney
nephron: where bowmans capsule is (houses glomerulus)
what are the wrinkles in the stomach called
gastric folds