Ch 26 maternity

Vocabulary flashcards summarizing essential terms and definitions from the pediatric cardiac disorders lecture.

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Poor growth and weight gain due to inadequate cardiac output and high metabolic demand.

Cyanosis

Bluish skin or mucous-membrane discoloration caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Pallor

Pale skin resulting from reduced blood flow or anemia.

Tachypnea

Abnormally rapid breathing rate.

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing.

Jugular Venous Distension (JVD)

Visible bulging neck veins indicating elevated central venous pressure/right-sided heart failure.

Arrhythmia (Dysrhythmia)

Any abnormal heart rhythm.

Clubbing

Bulbous enlargement of finger or toe tips from chronic hypoxia.

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

Structural heart defect present at birth; most common birth defect.

Cyanotic Defect

Heart lesion that allows deoxygenated blood into systemic circulation, producing cyanosis.

Acyanotic Defect

Heart lesion without systemic mixing of unoxygenated blood; patient remains pink.

Shunt

Abnormal passage permitting blood flow between heart chambers or great vessels.

Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow Defect

Lesion where oxygenated blood recirculates to lungs, causing volume overload (e.g., ASD, VSD, PDA).

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Hole in the atrial septum producing a left-to-right shunt.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Opening in ventricular septum causing left-to-right shunt.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Persistent fetal vessel connecting aorta and pulmonary artery after birth.

Coarctation of the Aorta

Narrowed segment of aorta leading to upper-body hypertension and lower-body hypotension.

Pulmonary Stenosis

Narrowing of pulmonary valve or artery obstructing outflow from right ventricle.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Four-part cyanotic defect: Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, Ventricular septal defect (PROVE).

Tet Spell

Sudden episode of severe cyanosis and hypoxia in patients with TOF.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

Underdeveloped left cardiac structures causing non-functional left ventricle; fatal without early intervention.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Failure of right ventricle, leading to systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Failure of left ventricle, causing pulmonary congestion and respiratory distress.

Cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart, often seen in chronic heart failure.

Digoxin

Cardiac glycoside that increases contractility; requires careful dosing and pulse check.

Apical Pulse Check

Auscultation at the heart apex; hold digoxin if <90 bpm in infants or <70 bpm in older children.

Clustered Care

Combining nursing tasks to minimize energy expenditure and promote rest.

Jones Criteria

Diagnostic framework for rheumatic fever based on major and minor manifestations.

Carditis

Inflammation of heart layers; major Jones criterion that may cause permanent valve damage.

Polyarthritis

Migratory inflammation of multiple large joints; major Jones criterion.

Erythema Marginatum

Non-pruritic, serpiginous trunk rash seen in rheumatic fever.

Sydenham Chorea

Involuntary jerky movements caused by CNS involvement in rheumatic fever.

Subcutaneous Nodules

Painless, firm lumps over bony prominences; major Jones criterion.

Rheumatic Fever

Autoimmune sequela of untreated Group A strep throat causing multisystem inflammation.

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Chronic valvular scarring that follows rheumatic fever.

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure with no identifiable underlying disease.

Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure due to another condition (renal, endocrine, vascular, etc.).

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated blood lipids, increasing cardiovascular risk.

Kawasaki Disease

Acute systemic vasculitis of childhood with fever, mucocutaneous signs, and coronary risk.

Strawberry Tongue

Bright-red tongue with prominent papillae typical of Kawasaki disease.

Bilateral Non-purulent Conjunctivitis

Red eyes without discharge, characteristic of Kawasaki disease.

Cervical Lymphadenopathy

Enlarged neck lymph nodes, often seen in Kawasaki disease.

IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin)

Immunotherapy used acutely in Kawasaki disease to reduce coronary complications.

High-Dose Aspirin Therapy

Salicylate regimen for Kawasaki disease; rare pediatric aspirin indication.

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines (e.g., MMR, varicella) deferred ~11 months after IVIG due to reduced efficacy.

Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)

Hydrostatic pressure in internal jugular vein reflecting right atrial pressure.

Hepatomegaly

Enlarged liver; early indicator of right-sided heart failure in infants.

Tachycardia

Elevated heart rate; common compensatory sign in CHF.

Diaphoresis

Excessive sweating, frequently seen on infants’ foreheads with increased cardiac workload.

Paroxysmal Hypercyanotic Episode

Medical term for a tet spell in TOF patients.

Femoral Artery Catheterization

Common access route for pediatric cardiac interventions; site requires neurovascular monitoring.

Pulselessness

Absence of distal pulse, signaling possible thrombosis or ischemia after catheterization.

Paresthesia

Tingling or numbness indicating neurovascular compromise.

Pulmonary Congestion

Fluid accumulation in lungs due to left-sided heart failure.

Frothy Sputum

Pink, bubbly respiratory secretion associated with pulmonary edema.

Volume Overload

Excess blood volume the heart must pump, typical in left-to-right shunts.

Central Venous Pressure

Pressure in thoracic vena cava; elevated with fluid overload or right-sided HF.

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Physiologic response that raises heart rate, contractility, and sweating to compensate for low output.