ENGL1003 - Midterm Practice

The Ethical Laboratory

Demonstrates a space to allow us to take precaution in reading something that may spark passion in what is not real, and splits realism from fantasy away with a barrier. Considered an equitable space.

Dangerous reading

Sparked by passion. Follows the 'teaching, delighting, and moving' fashion where one could be persuaded to act upon something that can make us believe in specific ideas and make us feel certain emotions.

Equity

Connection to the Ethical Laboratory. Allows us to look at all circumstances and qualities of an event. Examines all avenues to determine what we think about something.

The epideictic

The speech of persuasion. Focuses on the present; follows the 'praise and blame' notion and uses 'fit words' to lit people into a passionate emotion.

Rhetoric

The art of persuasion. Can be determined by proof and speech. Considered one of the three ancient arts of discourse; breaks down content and illustrates points made through ethics and ways of persuading.

Eloquence

The fluent speech in persuasion. Should conceive an image and argument greatly.

Why is reading dangerous?

Because it holds power in its words. If it can persuade someone to move and act upon them, then it holds power. And that power must be controlled.

What does the ethical laboratory provide?

Provides an equitable space and splits fiction and realism apart. Allows us to take precaution in dangerous reading to teach us about its content, and question actions, events and statements in texts.

Romantic

Favored innovation. Based on fictional tale and the flow of emotional feeling. Involved chivalry '' and delighted in wonder.

Realism

Favored the truth of life. Opposed to fiction, where it represented experience and human life. Evokes that what is said in text can exist.

Neoclassic

Favored traditionalism. Based on correction, attention to detail, and perfection. Distrusted radical innovation and focused strictly on classical forms. Looked at moral clarity, order and reason.

Power of Example

The curiosity of literature through imagery and example, an argument made by Samuel Johnson. Can affect our opinions, morals, and the views of the world.

Decorum

The appropriate conduct, speech, and correctness of words for specific arguments, texts, and/or stories. Suggests that character, literary form and style must match one another.

Enargeia

Rhetorical tool that uses vivid details and pictures an image to an audience based on the framing of text. Signifies the description into something 'real' in one's head- and to trigger someone to feel moved and act in a certain way.

Ethos

The ethic of credibility. Based on someone else's wisdom and experiences in a position they've been in. Conveys to the speaker.

Pathos

The ethic of emotion. Based on pulling the heart strings of the audience, and uses methods of triggering certain emotions. Conveys to the audience.

Logos

The ethic of logic. Based on factual information and evidence, and is often used to key into arguments and make points. Conveys to arguments/text/speech.

Deliberative

The speech of counsel and advice. Focuses on the future; encourages or discourages someone based on potential outcomes through either advantages laid out or harmful factors.

Judicial

The speech of accusation/defense. Focuses on the past; dictates through prosecution and elaboration on what is 'just' and 'unjust'.

Inventio

The first part of 'IDEMP/A'. The finding and making of arguments, specifically through demonstration of examples in text.

Dispositio

The second part of 'IDEMP/A'. The arrangement of texts, specifically through organization of material to make it clearer to readers.

Elocutio

The third part of 'IDEMP/A'. The style of texts, specifically through instruction and consideration of content in material; the correct terms and words need to be made for specific scenarios and events for your argument.

Memoria

The fourth part of 'IDEMP/A'. The memorization of texts, specifically repetition of your argument through provided visual examples; assigning signifiers and imagery to material.

Pronunciato / Actio

The fifth part of 'IDEMP/A'. The pronunciation of texts, specifically how you deliver your speech. Depends how you approach your argument and how you say it.

Praising and Blaming

The persuasive argument of encouragement and discouragement. Notions audiences to avoid or agree with set actions, ideals, and commandments. Applied heavily against historical texts and fiction. Targets social/moral norms.

The Rambler

Written by Samuel Johnson. Praised and blamed the forms of writing and argued that fiction should reflect human nature while providing lessons. States that literature should exhibit the true state of life. Brings up the 'power of example' and elaborates on his power of vivid imagery in audiences.

Astrophil and Stella

Written by Phillip Sidney. In the poem, tries to right the 'sought, fit words' to convince the one that he loves to love him back through persuasion. In the end, is rejected and is left alone. He failed to persuade Stella through text.

The Canterbury Tales

Written by Geoffrey Chaucer. A set of short stories that takes place in a tavern where a host challenges a pilgrimage heading to London to provide two tales from and two tales back. Satirizes characters and repeatedly tells the reader that their choices are their own in reading text and it is to their own discretion of what they're willing to consume.

The Defense of Poetry

Written by Phillip Sidney. An argument that suggests three things:

Who wrote The Wife of Bath's Tale?

Geoffrey Chaucer

What does The Wife of Bath's Tale focus on regarding marriage?

Interpretation of the characters' vision of what the Bible dictates about marriage. Defends it, stating that 'by following sexual passion, she produces more virgins- thus doing God's work'.

What view does The Wife of Bath's Tale hold?

A pro-feminist view. Counters misogyny with her own traditions.

What does the character in The Wife of Bath's Tale outline through their experiences?

Their experiences over others through multiple marriages.

What traditional concepts does The Wife of Bath's Tale challenge?

Traditional female roles and the concept of justice.

What vision does The Wife of Bath's Tale promote?

A vision of a more equitable and just society.

Chaucer's Retraction

The retraction of his texts that he deems to be filled with vice, and the apology for failing to teach those who fell into passion through his texts.

What was Phillip Sidney's defense to poetry?

The defense that poetry teaches better than history or philosophy; that while history only retells the past, poetry awakens imagery and brings it to life through the power of example.

What were the three key things focused on in Sidney's Defense of Poetry?

The role of the poet, the purpose of fiction, and the ethics of poetry.

What are some ideas of Sidney's defenses?

Poetry can transform us by drawing people together through teaching, delighting, and moving through vivid memory- and with the signifiers, comes with people being signified with that imagery, demonstrating the power of example.

What technique does Sidney use in his defense on poetry, and how is it used?

He uses the 'Classical Oration'. He defines poetry, backs up information by introducing how poets were the founding fathers of teaching, argues that poetry has a creative bend and is free of expectation and limits, and concludes that we are 'free to represent not just what it is, but what it may/should/can be'.

What is the 'great passport of poetry'?

The persuasive act of pleasure and delight.

What was Johnson's view of literature?

Held a neoclassical/realistic view of literature. Believes that literature should depict the human life as it is, and that romance offends these views due to its power to overrun minds with corrupted ideals.

How does literature "teach us what we may hope, and what we can perform"?

By selecting careful imagery of vice and virtue, as stated in Johnson's 'The Rambler', it'll assist in developing prudence and wisdom, along with lower the risk of moving to act upon fictional text.

Satire

The mock of wickedness and the method of making something look ridiculous.

Why does the Wife of Bath ask: 'Who painted the lion- tell me, who?'

Refers to the creation of tale based off of the perspective of women to men: submissive and passive. Questions the validity of gender expectation and that it is based on bias.

Based on the Wife of Bath's quote on who painted the lion, what if the lion painted the man?

It would revolve around the bias of the lions. The quote is referring to how old clerks (men) interpret women by writing scorning wives. By using her own interpretation, it connects with the quote as interpretation and perspective being one piece.

Irony

The literary term that contradicts the actual meaning of a chosen subject; uses words that are opposite to the literal word.

What is Humanism?

A movement that emphasizes the change in human potential.

What concept does Humanism focus on?

The concept of 'human freedom'.

What does Humanism suggest about people?

People can sculpt themselves by changing their future.

What freedoms does Humanism advocate for?

Being 'free to learn, free to understand faults from the past, and free to change'.

What does 'Ornament is Arament' suggest about education?

It suggests that educating ourselves refines prudence, wisdom, and eloquence. It is the practice of gathering evidence, information and factual parts for rhetorical purpose.

How does gathering experience benefit us according to 'Ornament is Arament'?

It strengthens our experiences/examples and prepares us.

Exordium

The introduction of a rhetorical argument. Captures an audiences with important questions and the relevence of an issue.

Narratio

The outline of a rhetorical argument. Provides evidence and background information. Assists with understanding the content more thoroughly.

Propisitio

The thesis statement of a rhetorical argument.

Divisio

The division of a rhetorical argument. Splits the argument in parts to vividly picture the outline before providing proof of evidence. Divides it for discussion.

Confirmatio

The defining of points in a rhetorical argument. Provides proof of evidence and research to support the thesis. Provides significance of the claim being made.

Refutatio

The rebuttal of a rhetorical argument. Refutes opposing arguments and explains the impractically against the current argument being made. Shows how its weak and is overpowered by the current.

Peroratio

The conclusion of a rhetorical argument. Summarizes it and provides solutions to the issue, all the while acting upon emotion to call for action and leave final impressions.

Who holds a neoclassical view in literature?

Samuel Johnson

Who holds massive influence in the movement of Humanism?

Francis Bacon

Our Love

Written by Francis Bacon. Critiques the ideal of love in theatre and writing is unrealistic - rather than passionate and filled with wonder, is dark and at risk of destroying one's wisdoms through untied love.

Our Studies

Written by Francis Bacon. Suggests that are important for human life. Elaborate on three different types of : for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

How do studies improve human ability, through the movement of humanism?

It improves judgemental and authorities abilities, while providing both directions and experiences. States that studies don't make you, but change you; they provide you with those newfound experiences to better ourselves, and let us read to test and evaluate our work, revising change- self transformation.

Essay

In literature: to test and to evaluate.

Why does the term "essay" fit the movement of humanism?

As humans are considered "unfinished" and are possible for change through reform of one's sculpting progress. Captures a mind of work and allows the unfinished process to be tested and evaluated through long conversations in our own writing.