Biome and Aquatic Ecosystems

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134 Terms

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Why are plants used to define and area?
The are immobile and easily visible
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What supports more vegetation?
Warmer climates and increased rainfall
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Where are tundras found?
Areas ow low temp and precip, high latitudes
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Arctic Tundra vs Alpine tundra
Arctic: High latitude

Alpine: High elevation
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What biome exists in the highlighted area?
What biome exists in the highlighted area?
Tundra
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What is temperature range of the tundra?
\-35-12 degree C
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Term for permanently frozen spoil
permafrost
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What is peat soil?
Partially decomposed vegetation cause by low decomp rate, occurs in tundra
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What are some vertebrates of the tundra?
Arctic fox, caribou, snowshoe hare, snowy owl, ect.
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Vertebrates characteristic of an ALPINE tundra
Mountain goat, pika
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Characters of Taiga
Forested, high elevation, discontinuous permafrost
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Where are taigas located ?
Areas of Russia and Canada
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How do trees survive in taiga
Narrow shape of leaves for water retention, unique shape of tree
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Characteristic evergreens of taiga
fir, spruce, pine
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Why is fire important in the taiga?
Seed release from cones
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Why is nitrogen limiting in taiga
much of it is tied up in undecomposed matter
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Vertebrates of taiga
elk, lynx, moose, marten
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Characters of temperate forests
lower latitudes, can be deciduous coniferous or mixed, fire important
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What is a boreal-mixed forest ecotone
Gradation of boreal into northern temperate coniferous forests
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What is the forest in the map?
What is the forest in the map?
Jack Pine Forest
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Where are montane coniferous forests located?
Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascade
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Trees characteristic of montane coniferous forest
lodgepole, mt. hemlock, red fir, giant sequoia, ponderosa pine, costal redwoods
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What is niche partitioning?
microclimate specializations
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Where are the only primary growth in the US?
High in Appalachian mt.
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Plant adaptions for rainforest vegetation
Large leaf tips, drip tips
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What allows for rapid recycling of nutrients in rainforests?
Higher microdiversity
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What are plants the root on the surface of other plants? Example?
Epiphytes, Bromeliads
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Parasitic plant that leeches nutrients from host plants
Strangler vines
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What are buttress roots?
Large wide roots on shallowly rooted trees
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Characteristic of Heliconia
cup shaped, collects rainwater that hummingbirds collect, provides roost for tent bat
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Tropical Rainforest vs Cloud Rainforest
Tropical: \~
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What is unique about leaf cutter ants
They take leaves to colony to decompose and provide nutrients to fungi that the plants eat (mutualism)
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Latitude of deserts
\~20-30 N and S
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Max temps in desert
>50C
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Hot vs Cool Desert
Hot- created by rising air from rainforest that dries and heats as it falls

Cool- created by a rain shadow
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Whats unique about kangaroo rat?
Creates metabolic water
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Indicator species of Great Basin
Sagebrush
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Indicator species of Chihuahuan
Creosote bush
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Indicator species of Tallgrass prairie
Big bluestem
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Indicator species of Sonoran
Saguaro cactus
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Indicator species of deciduous temperate forest
hickory, oak
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Indicator species of Mojave
Joshua tree
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Indicator species of mixed grass prairie
Little bluestem
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Indicator species of shortgrass prairie
Blue gramma
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Desert?
Desert?
Sonoran Desert
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Desert?
Desert?
Mojave
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Desert?
Desert?
Chihuahuan
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What county makes up stopover point for migratory bird
Woods Co. (salt flats) and Alfalfa Co. (great salt plains)
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What is the largest biome in N.A.? Historical percentage vs percentage now?
Temperate Grassland, 42% → 12%
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How is the hydrological cycle powered?
solar radiation
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Process where plants lose water through stomata
transpiration
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Ways water is released into atmosphere
transpiration, respiration, evaporation
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Percentage of water that is freshwater
2\.6
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Percentage of freshwater held as ice
80%
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Where is there maximum light penetration, and primary productivity in the water column
Photic/Euphotic Zone
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Water zone where only blue and green light penetrates
Twilight/Dysphotic Zone
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Water where no no light or photosynthesis occurs
Aphotic zone
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What is the maximum depth of light penetration?
100m
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Area in water where there is a significant drop in temp, what depth does it occur
Thermocline, 120-240m
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What nutrients are limiting depth decreases
Nitrate and phosphate
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Ocean Zone of highest primary productivity, shallow water, high light penetration
Neritic zone
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Zone prone to evaporation and higher temps
Littoral zone
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Range of continental slope
700-4000 m
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Range of abyssal zone
4000-6000 m
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Zone that is >6000m
Hadal zone
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How deep can trenches get
36,000 ft
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What is the term for cycling nutrient rich mud caused by wind
Upwelling
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What causes “Red Tides”
Dinoflagellates containing xanthophyll
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What causes ciguatera poisoning
Consuming something that has eaten another organism that has consumed dinoflagellates (biological concentration)
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Charcters of Pfisteria
cyst form turns to trophozoite, malignant or benign, can cause large fish die off, 24 morphological types
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What is equivalent to tropical forests in the ocean
Coral reefs
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How much of calcium is taken up by coral reefs, what form?
1/2 that enters the ocean, CaCO3
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How much carbon do coral reefs remove/year
700 billion Kg
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What is coral
Cnideria (polyp)
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What do coral use to bring in food
stinging nematocyst
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What do dinoflagellates provide to coral?
nutrients, CO2
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What type of algae helps in solidifying CaCO2 and strengthens exoskeleton
Coralline
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What temperature range for coral?
20-35C
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What are most coral in regards to salt content, what does this make them vulnerable to
Stenohaline (tolerable to narrow range), runoff
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Why are coral usually in clear clen water?
Sediment effects light penetration, zooxanthellae shedding, and pollutes mucus string
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What is the most common reef?
Fringing
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Characteristic of fringing reef
Very close to shore, very shallow water, most vulnerable
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Characters of a barrier reef
Usually located near a lagoon, can be near a fringing reef. protected by lagoon separating it from mainland
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Characters of atoll
Occurs around volcano, volcano sinks into ocean, rarest of reefs
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Deep sea zone above 200 m
Photic/ epipelagic zone
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Deep sea zone from 200m to \~1000m
Mesopelagic zone
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Deep sea zone 1000m-4000m
Bathypelagic zone
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Deep sea zone 4000m-6000m
Abyssopelagic zone
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Deep sea zone >6000m
Hadopelagic zone
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How deep is Mariana trench?
36,070ft
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Where does food come from in deep sea
Dense water carrying food from above
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Where does oxygen come from in deep sea?
Overturning along the great ocean conveyor
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What is the enzyme that produces light in photophores
Luciferase
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How do deep water organisms control light production
controlling blood circulation
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Purpose of photophores
attracting food and mates
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Where are many photophores located?
Along ventral surface
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What is counterillumination
photophores on ventral that break up silhouette
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Adaptions of mesopelagic zone fish
small size, slower metabolic rate, less food intake, large eyes, large mouth
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What is the phenomenon of very large fish in deep sea
Abyssal gigantism