AP HUG unit 3 terms

Cultural Trait

A single, distinguishing feature of a culture.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the environment.

Traditional Architecture

Building styles that are specific to a particular region, time period, or culture, often reflecting local materials and methods.

Postmodern Architecture

An architectural style that emerged in the late 20th century, challenging modernism by reintroducing historical elements, symbolism, and a sense of playfulness.

Linguistic

Relating to language or the study of language.

Ethnic neighborhood

A neighborhood, typically an urban area, that is home to a minority ethnic group, often formed through chain migration.

Ethnicity

The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

Land use patterns

The ways in which land is used and organized by people (e.g., residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial).

Indigenous communities

Groups of people who are original inhabitants of a particular region and have maintained a distinct culture from the dominant society.

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics. It is more than just a location; it has meaning to people.

Placemaking

A multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces that capitalizes on a local community's assets, inspiration, and potential.

Relocation (general)

The act of moving to a new place and establishing one's home or business there. In geography, usually refers to the movement of people.

Diffusion

The spatial spreading of a cultural element (such as a technological innovation, a language, or a disease) from its place of origin to other areas.

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process (includes hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion).

Lingua franca

A language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a native language.

Creolization

The process by which a pidgin language becomes a creole language, adopting native speakers and a more complex grammatical structure.

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban, often characterized by population shift from rural to urban areas and the growth of cities.

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Time-space convergence

The reduction in the time taken to travel between two places due to improvements in transportation or communication technology.

Cultural convergence

The process whereby different cultures become more alike, or increasingly share common traits and behaviors.

Cultural divergence

The tendency for cultures to become less alike over time, usually in response to restricted interaction.

Language family

A group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language.

Dialect

A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

Ethnic culture

The shared customs, values, traditions, and practices that distinguish a particular ethnic group.

Cultural hearth

A center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.

Gender roles

Society's expectations regarding the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

Indo-European language family

A large family of languages that originated in Eurasia and includes most of the languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and northern India.

Toponyms

The name of a place, especially one derived from a topographical feature.

Universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Gravity model

A model used to estimate the amount of interaction between two places, often used to predict migration and the flow of goods and services.

Ethnic religion

A religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group, often tied to a specific place.

Acculturation

The process of cultural change and psychological change that results from contact between two or more cultures. Usually, one culture is dominant.

Assimilation

The process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. Complete assimilation is when the original culture is lost.

Multiculturalism

The presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Place utility

The satisfaction a person gets from a place, often considered in the context of migration decisions (e.g., job opportunities, climate).

Push and Pull factors

Factors that either cause people to leave their homes (push) or attract them to new ones (pull).

Space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Functional region

An area organized around a node or focal point, often defined by a common function or activity.

Perceptual region

An area defined by people's feelings and attitudes, often based on shared stereotypes or common perceptions (also known as vernacular region).

Ethnic Enclave

A neighborhood, district, or office populated by a specific ethnicity, often surrounded by a different culture.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.