bio 109- chapter 7- cellular respiration

glycolysis

splitting glucose (6C into 2 pyruvates)

needs 2 NAD+ before ATP can be generated

occurs in the cytoplasm of every cell on the planet

destabilize costing 2 ATP, reduce 2 NAD+, form 4 ATP

net production: 2 NADH 2 ATP

electron carrier

nucleic acid that reversibly binds to high energy electrons

oxidative phophorylation

pyruvate oxidation + krebs cycle + ETS + chemiosmosis

glycogenolysis

splitting glycogen into glucose molecules

animals convert stored glycogen to glucose

plants convert starch to glucose

gluconeogenesis

making glucose from non carbohydrates

make new sugars from non-carbohydrates

autotrophs

produce their own organic molecules

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

use cellular respiration to extract potential energy from glucose

heterotrophs

consume organic molecules in other organisms

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, detritivores, saprophytes

cellular respiration

how to get energy out of glucose

potential energy is in the electrons of covalent bonds

C-C bonds are broken in multiple steps

what are the two types of electron carriers

unenergized (oxidized)

energized (reduced)

all can be reversibly oxidized and reduced

they oxidize one molecule in order to reduce another one later on

pyruvate oxidation

get even more energy/electrons out

needs 2 NAD+

occurs in the mitochondria (eukaryotes) or cell membrane/cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

oxidize 1 pyruvate into: 1 CO2 1 NADH 1 acetyl-CoA

krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

occurs in the mitochondria (eukaryotes) or cell membrane (prokaryotes)

needs 6 NAD+ before ATP can be generated

oxidize 1 acetyl group (from acetyl-CoA) into:

2 CO2

1 ATP

3 NADH

1 FADH2

basically hydrolysis uses 3 H2O

two types of anaerobic respiration

methanogens (archaea)

reduce carbon dioxide

Sulfur bacteria

reduce sulfate

what are two types of fermentation

ethanol fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

electron transport system

occurs in mitochondria (eukaryotes) or cell membrane (prokaryotes)

electrons from NADH and FADH2

energy used to pump H+ ion (active transport)

aerobic

O2 is final electron acceptor

anaerobic

different final electron acceptor

chemiosmosis

occurs in mitochondria (eukaryotes) or cell membrane (prokaryotes)

membranes are re,atively impermeable to H+

H+ ions flow through ATP synthase (facilitated diffusion)

32 ATP per glucose