Nutritional Science: Macronutrients and Micronutrients

Flashcards covering essential terms, definitions, and concepts related to macronutrients, micronutrients, and their roles in nutrition.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Carbohydrates

Chemical substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; provide energy.

Simple Carbohydrates

Quickly broken down and absorbed; includes sugars.

Complex Carbohydrates

Take longer to digest; composed of starches, glycogen, and fiber.

Proteins

Organic compounds made of amino acids; essential for building and repairing tissues.

Fats

Lipids that provide 9 kilocalories per gram; needed for energy and cellular functions.

Vitamins

Organic compounds necessary for various bodily functions; can be water-soluble or fat-soluble.

Minerals

Inorganic substances required for various physiological functions, including nerve conduction.

Fiber

A type of carbohydrate that aids digestion and can be soluble or insoluble.

Recommended daily fiber intake

20-35 grams to promote digestive health and prevent conditions like constipation.

Water as a macronutrient

Essential for proper body function, temperature regulation, and nutrient transport.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts for health.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Essential fats obtained through diet, necessary for brain and heart health.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The force of fluid pressing against blood vessel walls; affected by cardiovascular function.

Osmosis

The movement of water across cell membranes from high to low concentration.

Electrolytes

Ions that conduct electrical impulses; important for nerve and muscle function.

Hyperkalemia

Elevated potassium levels in the blood, leading to various symptoms including muscle weakness.

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels in the blood, which can cause muscle spasms and neurological symptoms.

Anuria

The absence of urine production; can indicate kidney failure.

Nocturia

Excessive urination at night, often disrupting sleep.